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Y3 Geog case studies, Must study - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Weather
        
        Winter storms
        
        Stronger waves
        
        Higher sea leverls
        
        Rain intensifies land-based processes
        
        Saturated cliffs
        
        Increased run off
        
        Slumping
        
        Mass movements
      - Waves
        
        From north east
        
        Also largest fetch
        
        Destructive erode beaches
        
        Remove clay in suspension
        
        Longshore drift carries material southwarf
        
        Tides & low energy environment
        
        Sediment collects to form
        
        Spit
        
        Mudflats
        
        Sand dunes
      - Geology
        
        Chalk
        
        More resistent
        
        Survived large scale erosion
        
        Resulted in flamborough head
        
        Boulder clay
        
        More easily eroderd
        
        Sweeping bay of holderness
        
        Differential rate of errosion
        
        Gives coastline distinctive shape
    - - Flamborough head
      - Holderness clidt
      - Spurn head
    - - Presence of ppl along coasr
        
        Threatens life n property
        
        Increasing population levels of leisure and holiday facilitie
        
        Caravan parks
        
        High risks of errosion
      - interfeering with natural processes
        
        Down drift impact of groyns
        
        Hornsea
        
        Mappleton
        
        Withersea
        
        Sediment prevented from building at beaches elsewhere
        
        Rapid erosion rate
        
        Sediment starvation
        
        Great Cowden
      - Global warming
        
        Indirect human inpact
        
        Rise in sea levels
        
        Increased storminess
        
        Areas at great risk of coastal flooding and erosion
        
        Spurn head
        
        Shoreline of number estuary
    - - Hard engineering
        
        Cliff-foot
        
        Sea walls
        
        Strengths
        
        Traditional
        
        Protect
        
        Valuable resources
        
        High-risk property
        
        Densely populated areas
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Very costly
        
        Foundations easily undermined of built beaches or where the LSD operates
        
        Examples
        
        Hotel resorts
        
        Hornsea
        
        Withernsea
        
        Revetments
        
        Reflect rather than resist waves
        
        Strength
        
        Same as sea wall but cheaper
        
        Weakness
        
        Costly
        
        Does not cope well with strong waves
        
        Examples
        
        Easington gas terminal
        
        Gabions
        
        Strengths
        
        Cheaper than revetments
        
        Weakness
        
        Realatively lightweight
        
        Small scale
        
        Examples
        
        Skipsea
        
        Groynes
        
        Strength
        
        Low capital cost
        
        Repaired relatively easily
        
        Weakness
        
        Need more regular maintainese
        
        Scour downdrift
        
        Wider impacts
        
        Examples
        
        Hornsea
        
        Withernsea
        
        Mappleton
        
        Famous
        
        Offshore bars
        
        Artificial reefs
        
        Reduce power of waves off shore
        
        Strength
        
        Mimic natural bars n reefs
        
        Built of waste materials
        
        Weakness
        
        Ecological impacts
        
        May not work at large scale
        
        Examples
        
        Only used as small scale pilot study so far
        
        Rip-rap
        
        Rock armour
        
        Strength
        
        Effective
        
        Prevents large-scale undermining
        
        Weakness
        
        No longer relatively cheap
        
        May move in sever weather
        
        Examples
        
        Withernsea
        
        Easington
        
        Cliff-face
        
        Cliff drainage
        
        REMOVAL OF WATER
        
        Prevents landslides n slumping
        
        Benefits
        
        Cost effective
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Drained cliffs can dry out
        
        Collapse (rock fall)
        
        Examples
        
        Small scale project in Easington
        
        Cliff regrading
        
        Lower angle of cliffs to stabilise ground
        
        Benefits
        
        Works on clay or lose rocks
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Retreat of cliff line uses up valuable land
        
        Examples
        
        Mappleton
      - Soft engineering
        
        Beach nourishment
        
        Benefits
        
        Natural looking
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Expensive
        
        Soon erode
        
        Possible ecological effectd
        
        Examples
        
        Horn sea
        
        Mappleton
        
        Do nothing
        
        Benefits
        
        Saves expendeture
        
        Weaknesses
        
        May allow problems to get worse
        
        Examples
        
        Neck of spurn head
        
        “Red-lining/zonal management”
        
        Withdrawal/prevention of planning permission for new development
        
        Benefits
        
        Cost effective in long tem
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Unpopular with residents&buisnesses
        
        Politically tough
      - Sustainable management
        
        Managed retreat
        
        Incentive giv3ens through grants.buyouts
        
        Encourage re-location
        
        “Set-back” schemes
        
        Benefits
        
        Cost effective
        
        Reduce tides in estuary enviros
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Difficult to argue politically if residents involved
        
        Eg
        
        Suggested in 1994 for horn sea but not implemented
        
        Ideal for estuary and sunk island
        
        Coastal resilience
        
        Partial flooding to allow salt marsh& wetlands adjust to sea water
        
        Erosion in some placed helps sand dunes develop in others
        
        Benefits
        
        V cost effective
        
        Environmentally viable~
        
        Conservation of bird life
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Loss of agriculturally productive land
        
        Eg
        
        Plans to flood sink islans
        
        Plant in sand dunes south of Hornsea
        
        Shoreline management plans
        
        Detailed consultation getting local grips to work tgt
        
        Best solution for each littoral sub-cell
        
        Benefits
        
        Tailored to specific places n needs
        
        Weaknesses
        
        Maybe seen as a delaying tactic
        
        Eg
        
        Further north in Scarborough&whitby areas
    - - Cost-benefit analysis
        
        Social&economic aspects
        
        Benefits divided by
        
        Costs of building
        
        Cost of maintaining
      - Environmental impact assessment
        
        Effects strategy will have on area
        
        I put for coastlines
        
        Attractive scenery
        
        Valuable tourist assets
      - Feasibility studies
        
        Technicall merits of particular scheme
        
        Suited to local geology/coastal processes
      - Risk assesment
        
        Light of likely recurrence interval and what is at risk
        
        Insurance & legal claims makes this impt
      - Shoreline management plans
        
        Decide upon most appropriate schemes for each part of c
        
        Consult expert opinion & avoid conflicts
        
        Collect & analyse data
        
        Coastal processes
        
        Existing defences
        
        Land use & built enviro
        
        Natural enviro
        
        Set out objectives
        
        Consider various options available
        
        Do nothing
        
        Hold line
        
        Build out
        
        Retreat
        
        Publish a plan n review
    - - Skipsea
        
        Gabion cages
      - Bramston
        
        Little protection
      - Horn sea
        
        Holiday resort
        
        Promenade
        
        Total frontage
        
        Beach v impt
        
        Groynes repaired
        
        £5.2 mil
        
        Advantafges
        
        Locally effective
        
        Low cost
        
        Acceptable vissually
        
        Development possible
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Trapping of sand
        
        Scour at mappleton
        
        Maintainence continual
        
        Do not work on their own
        
        Do not hold mud
        
        Door guards
        
        Sea wall raised
        
        Sand dunes planted with trees
      - Withernsea
        
        Groynes
        
        Seawall
        
        More comprehensive apporach
        
        Return wall
        
        Protected by rip-rap
        
        Beach nourishmen
        
        Clay wavecut platform
        
        £6.3mil
        
        Advantages
        
        Hold line
        
        Calm concern of locals
        
        Save seasonal jobs
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Costs limit sea wall length
        
        Rocks reduce access to beach
        
        View restricted
        
        Wave noise
      - Easington
        
        Revetments of rock armour
        
        25% of North Sea production
        
        £4.5 mil scheme
        
        Untested
      - Spurn head
        
        Abandoment
        
        Could no longer afford to repair damage
        
        Official in 1995
        
        Advantages
        
        Growing annual costs saved
        
        Evidence that it may repair itself
        
        Not all enviro grips against it becoming an islands
        
        No other solution
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Community of lifeboat men n coastguards n families may have to move
        
        Loss of heritage coast :)
        
        Impt bird habitat
        
        Yorkshire wildlife trust
      - Humber estuary
        
        Managed retreat
    - - Mapleton
        
        1786
        
        Village 3.5km from sea
        
        1988
        
        Sea at doorstep
        
        1991
        
        Scheme implemented
        
        £2.1 mil spending
        
        2 rock groynes
        
        Rock revetment
        
        Cliffs
        
        Re-graded
        
        Nourishment of beach
    - - Groynes in mappleton n hornsea
        
        Sand not deposited at spit
        
        Errosion occurs
  - - - Islands generated cored by active volcanos
        
        Bali included
        
        Quaternary volcanic
        
        Lamar deposits
      - Sudan volcanic arch
    - - Breccia lenses
        
        Isolated sedimentary bodies
        
        Sub-angular coast gravel
        
        Poorly sorted
        
        Sand matrix
        
        Lateral variation in grain size
        
        Coarse volcanic sand grains
        
        Moderately sorted
        
        Dark grey in colour
        
        Layered sandstone beds
        
        Discontinuous
      - Erosion
        
        High angle erosinal surface
        
        Breccia cut deeply into
        
        Unit which composed mainly of sands
        
        with large volcanic fragments at lower parts
        
        Change to breccia in upper parts
      - Protection methods
        
        Mixture of soft&hard engeniering
        
        Fake coral reef
        
        Natural break waters
        
        Hard engineering
        
        100m long gabions
        
        Japanese artificial rocks
- - - - Land subsidence
        
        In May 2012 a young woman unexpectedly fell through the sidewalk into a 20-ft.-deep sinkhole while walking along the street in Xi’an.
        
        In mid-February, one blogger posted about a 22-ft.-long crack situated near the 101-story Shanghai World Financial Center, across the street from the highly anticipated tower.
        
        Shanghai has inherently soft soil because of its geographical position at the mouth of the Yangtze River basin
        
        groundwater accounts for nearly 70% of land subsidence;
        
        physical weight of skyscrapers accounts for 30% of Shanghai’s surface subsidence
        
        The country as a whole built 200 new skyscrapers in 2011, and by 2016, the total number is expected to exceed 800.
        
        In 2009, Cangzhou had to demolish a three-story building housing a branch of the city’s People’s Hospital because the first level sank so low that it fell underground.
        
        “If you look at Shanghai during high tide, you can see the water level is higher than the streets but separated by the wall,
        
        This is a situation where if you have a major disaster like a hurricane, tsunami or tropical storm, it can cause serious damage.
      - Urbanisation
        
        46 Chinese cities over the one million mark since 1992, out of a national total of 102
        
        40% of China's population lives in cities, roughly that of America in 1885
        
        350 million Chinese will become urban by 2025, raising China's urban numbers to a cool billion.
        
        In the first 20 years of China's economic revolution, begun under Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s, China built some 6.5bn sq m (70bn sq ft) of new housing - the equivalent of more than 150 million average-sized apartments.
        
        Loss
        
        Urban development in China has also displaced more people than any nation in peacetime.
        
        absurdly sanitised reconstitutions of its lost past, unaffordable to working people, lacerated by eight-lane highways.
        
        China has deprived itself - and the world - of a priceless heritage.
        
        Environmental
        
        If China were to match, per capita, car ownership in the US (which is falling, incidentally), it would mean more than one billion cars.
        
        Paul Gilding
        
        The Great Disruption he concludes that our economy is operating at about 150% of capacity
        
        China invested $34.6bn (£21bn) in the clean energy industry between 2005 and 2009
        
        Nearly twice of US
        
        Jing-Jin-Ji region is already said to account for 10% of China’s GDP
        
        A new $36bn (£28bn) rail plan and 600 miles of new track for Jing-Jin-Ji was approved in December, with plans for high-speed trains to connect the outlying cities of the new megaregion to central Beijing on a 30-minute commute.
        
        He lifeng, director of china’s national development
        
        Beijing’s air pollution, water shortage, traffic jams and other urban ailments are the result of it having take on too many urban functions that are not essential to the capital
      - Accessibility
        
        Around 500,000 school age children live in Shanghai with parents from the countryside, but are largely unable to access the city’s education system
        
        Places for migrant children are limited, and many children of migrant workers are not able to get into any school,
        
        majority of middle school students, as there are very few middle schools for migrant children, and hardly any children of migrant workers are able to meet the entrance requirements to attend high school
      - Polution
        
        PM2.5 concentration in Shanghai is currently 3.6 times the WHO annual air quality guideline value
      - Transport
        
        High speed railway investment
        
        Larger than the rest of the world’s combined
        
        High speed rail accident in wenzhou
        
        40 ppl died
        
        July 23 2011
        
        traffic congestion
        
        High demand
      - Cost of living
        
        urban poor and migrant population struggle to keep up to the rising cost of living
    - - Slums
        
        1,100 slum areas
        
        350 in and around cario
        
        4 levels of unsafety
        
        1
        
        Rockslides
        
        Mountain edges
        
        major role in prompting the Egyptian government to address the issue of unsafe zones
        
        slum-free Egypt by 2030
        
        Urbanise
        
        Evacuate
        
        Solutions
        
        3 more items...
        
        In 2008, a rockslide in Duweiqa killed 119 people and destroyed many houses
        
        government has wanted to demolish many houses in the area for a long time because, among other reasons, they see the area as unsafe to live in, and use this as a pretext
        
        Terrorism
        
        terrorist groups tend to recruit youth from slums to take advantage of the poor living conditions and the rise of unemployment in these areas.
        
        creative way it dealt with several neighborhoods like al-Sayeda Zeinab in central Cairo.
        
        made all the streets pedestrian like what it did with al-Muizz Street, and allocated the ground floors of all buildings to stores whose revenues would cover the expenses of urbanizing the area.
      - Waste
        
        17 million inhabitants, producing more than 15,000 tons of waste every day.
        
        60% of all trash is properly collected, leading to a 0.4 – 0.6% loss of gross domestic product (GDP) to the Egyptian economy as a result
        
        city is facing an environmental, health, safety, and economic crisis that cannot be resolved through this current approach.
        
        environmental waste is not the greatest problem facing the Egyptian people, with 28% of the total population living in poverty, and a large percentage of those living in Cairo.
        
        Solutions
        
        develop supply chain systems that treat waste as a resource rather than a detriment, developing systems meant for its culture and economy.
        
        must be built for how Egyptian markets and municipalities work
        
        create a paradigm shift in not just how consumer markets work in Egypt, but how these markets must coexist within communities in order to reduce poverty and improve the environment.
        
        chemical engineering to be able to de-polymerize and re-polymerize the plastic in a closed loop resource stream process.
    - - severe environmental problems
        
        Air polution
        
        Vehechile emmissions
        
        Water polution
        
        Organic and factory wasttes
        
        Water scarcity
        
        Hazardous waste disposal
      - little urban planning has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure.
      - Poverty
        
        steady reduction of poverty in the country from the 1960s until 1997
        
        In 2015, the poverty rate was 7.2% (5.2 million), and, approaching 2018, the rate rose to 9.8% (6.8 million)
        
        poverty line is defined as a daily income of 165 baht (US$5.50) per person
        
        In 2019, the average number of people earning this amount of money was 4.3 million. In 2019, with a 2.20% decrease in the poverty rate, economic shifts were starting to improve
        
        several severe droughts, a low GDP rate (2.7%) and, among all else, the global Covid-19 pandemic, caused complications for Bangkok (Ibid.)
        
        Slums
        
        579,630 people living in Bangkok’s slums, accounting for 29% of the city’s population.
        
        socio-economic vulnerability
        
        limited access to social welfare and public facilities
        
        Poor housing
        
        Unsafe n over crowded
        
        Polluted
        
        Impact of covid
        
        Out of 900 participants, 25.9% lost their jobs during the lockdown and 52.7% lost their income. The job and income loss increased the poverty rate within the participants from 51.6% to 91.7%
        
        Khlong Toey
        
        population of over 100,000, the people that live there are struggling, even more so since they are being hit with a third wave of Covid.
        
        Highly overpopulated
        
        Most of the cases are from these close quarters of Khlong Toey
        
        residents living on 150 baht a month (US$5) and a Covid test being 1000 baht each, the possibility often slips away
      - Industry
        
        Whole sale and retail
        
        24%
        
        Manufacturing
        
        14.3%
        
        Real estate, renting, business activities
        
        12.4%
        
        made great strides in economic development, becoming an upper middle-income country
        
        Thailand’s economy grew at an average yearly rate of 7.5% from 1960 to 1996. The economy grew at a rate of 5% per year from 1999 to 2005 after the Asian Financial Crisi
      - Energy
        
        Air conditioning, used to make high temperatures more comfortable, makes up the largest percentage of energy use (60%) in Bangkok
        
        Since 1995, the overall import of commercial energy has accounted for over 50% of the combined supply.
        
        majority of energy consumption and imports are fossil-based, an issue arises with environmental protection because there is a surge of greenhouse gas emissions
        
        Solutions
        
        renewable energy goal of 30% of total energy use by 2036 in the Alternative Energy Development Plan or AEDP 2015.
        
        12% of its energy from sustainable sources, and Thailand’s government hopes to increase this to 37% by 2036.
        
        waste-to-energy plants
        
        burning municipal solid waste to produce steam that is used for the production of electricity, which is fed to the power grid, and heat
        
        dispose of Bangkok’s overflowing waste by repurposing much of the waste currently sitting on the streets of the city.
        
        Drawbacks
      - Sewage and sanititation
        
        people living in areas that do not receive adequate municipal solid waste collection, or simply reside near the waterways, use the canals as a dump for their solid waste
      - Traffic
        
        top 10 global cities with the worst traffic
        
        expected to have to deal with 10 million vehicles by 2029, up from around 9 million currently.
        
        And by 2030, Bangkok’s population is expected to have grown from 9.3 million to 11 million, an 18.2 per cent increase according to the United Nation’s World Urbanization Prospects.
        
        Bangkok’s urban space will be more valuable than ever.
        
        Inner city
        
        dying out after rapid urban expansion over the past decades.
        
        dying out after rapid urban expansion over the past decades.
        
        as people moved to the upcoming suburbs, it became harder for them to get into the city centre to work or play
        
        Solutions
        
        UDDC has earmarked 75 areas suitable for restoration, covering residential areas, historic neighbourhoods and commercial districts. Its study also found a major weakness of Bangkok, which has been developed into the project’s central theme.
        
        interconnectivity will be derived primarily from its Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. By 2032
        
        226 stations stretching 226 kilometres around the capital.
        
        water transport and walking routes along the Chao Phraya River
        
        Kadeejeen served as a crucial commercial hub and residential quarter for high-ranking officers
        
        Kadeejeen will undergo two renovation projects, focusing on its old piers and the existing riverside walk.
        
        limited access points between their community and the Chao Phraya River. So Bangkok250 will reconnect them
        
        Bangkok 250
        
        Khlong Rob Krung Canal
        
        Historic cummunities
        
        Tourism development
        
        2 more items...
        
        plans have been made about unused spaces between big hotels in commercial districts such as Rajprasong, Pathumwan and Watthana.
        
        six-metre gap between itself and a boundary wall or fence, creating an area which is often underutilised
        
        regain free space of 12 metres between any two hotels
        
        Walkways
        
        walkway of about 3 kilometres will emerge from unused space in Rajprasong,
        
        more can be expected in Pathumwan, Khlong Toei and Watthana, given that there are about 500 big hotels in the area.
    - - attractiveness has created a housing affordability crisis with no end in sigh
        
        longtime residents have raged against the rise of art galleries, arguing that locals are being forced out, threatening the identity of the working-class Latino neighborhood
        
        Cons
        
        severe housing shortages,
        
        400,000 households in the city of Los Angeles, and a total of 900,000 in L.A. County, have what the census bureau calls precarious housing situations
        
        spend more than half their income on housing
        
        58,000 homeless people
        
        median price for a one-bedroom apartment is $1,995, and she can’t come close to that.
        
        newly built luxury apartments have suffered vacancy rates as high as 14 per cent
        
        deepening segregation
        
        inequality and the decline of the middle class
        
        Solutions
        
        He claims that the idea — in use now in San Diego, San Francisco and Oakland — would raise $100 million a year and be leveraged to create $400 million in housing annually. But the development community is apoplectic, saying the proposal would slow construction and lead to higher prices.
        
        build more affordable housing, but also has to preserve what’s left of a dwindling number of affordable homes
      - Crime
        
        397 murders
      - Homelessness
        
        69,000 people, experiencing homelessness
        
        increased by roughly 56 percent from 2015 to 2022
        
        compared with an 18 percent decline in New York City
        
        every 207 individuals who exit homelessness daily, 227 more enter
        
        homelessness growth rate implies an additional 16,000 deaths of people experiencing homelessness through 2028
        
        average of 35 years for women and 28 years for men
        
        2022, about 10 percent of PEH (roughly 6,000 people) were under the age of 18
        
        12, about 80 percent of children experiencing homelessness have been exposed to at least one serious, violent incident
        
        Chronic homlessness
        
        More than 40 percent of people experiencing homelessness in LA—some 29,000 people—are considered chronically homeless
        
        required more spending on support services than the rest of the population
        
        six times more likely to have a serious mental illness or a physical disability than the nonchronically homeless
        
        35 times more likely to die of a drug or alcohol overdose than the general population
        
        fentanyl’s contribution to PEH deaths increasing from 27 percent of deaths in the year before the COVID-19 pandemic to 45 percent of deaths in the year after the onset of the pandemic
        
        Health risks
        
        breakouts of hepatitis and typhus in 2018 and 2019
        
        84 percent of unsheltered individuals report detrimental physical health conditions, compared with just 19 percent of sheltered individuals
        
        Outpacing current solutions
        
        LAHSA received funding of $63 million.25 By 2022, funding had increased nearly 13-fold to about $808 million
        
        In the same period, the number of PEH in LA County increased by 56 percent.
        
        Challenges in solving this issue
        
        Timing & cost
        
        Increasing the stock of affordable housing could slow the growth in homelessness
        
        a severe shortage of affordable housing will remain for decades,
        
        Slow rate of construction
        
        shortage of roughly 500,000 affordable housing units for LA County’s 800,000 low-income and extremely low-income residents
        
        1 more item...
        
        fewer than one in ten new units permitted by LA County were classified as affordable, defined as consuming less than 30 percent of the occupant’s monthly household income.
        
        1 more item...
        
        In 2016, a $1.2 billion bond, Proposition HHH, was passed to build housing. Since then, just over 2,250 units have been built
        
        23 percent of Proposition HHH’s ten-year goal
        
        1,100 affordable housing units have been leased or occupied since 2008, with only 43 of 140 funded projects being completed based on latest publications
        
        Measure H, LA has placed 34,000 individuals into permanent housing since 2017—about 76 percent of its 45,000 goal
  - - - Challenge
        
        Meishe river
        
        Increasingly polluted by sewage from drains
        
        Regular flooding
        
        Lack of attention to infrastructure and policies
        
        Piecemeal solutions
        
        Building walls and locks
        
        Dredging
        
        Foul odour
      - Solution
        
        “Grey to green masterplanning”
        
        Sponge city
        
        Replace concrete walls with eco friendly riverbeds
        
        Beach
        
        Mangroves
        
        Reconnect to ocean
        
        Constructed wetlands along riverbank
      - Outcome
        
        5 hectares of mangroves reastablished
        
        Cleans 6000 tons of urban runoff and 3500 tons of domestic
        
        Tourism
        
        Visitor ship increase by 620000
        
        Economy
        
        Land value increase by 20%
        
        2018
        
        1 of 18 international wetland cities
        
        Can be done in expensively and extensive scale
      - 85% of sewage in urban areas goes untreated
    - - Challenge
        
        Traffic clogged
        
        Hostility towards cyclists
        
        Increase in popularity
        
        Safety important
        
        Reduce car emmissions
        
        A count for health
        
        Environment
      - Solution
        
        2008 Burrard bridge
        
        Replace car lane with bike lane
        
        Opened in 2009
        
        Smooth traffic
        
        Single outbound car lane into bike lane
        
        1 pedestrian lane to bike lane
        
        Other combined foot traffic
        
        Sustainability
        
        2011 greenest city action plan
        
        Integrated rainwater systems
        
        Rain gardens to collect runn off
        
        63rd avenue
        
        Yukon street plaza
      - Outcome
        
        Burrard bridge
        
        More than 1mil bike crossings each year
        
        Cycling issitiatices received added impetus
        
        Climate goals
        
        2/3 to be completed by active transportation by 2030
        
        2017 50% form active transportation
- - - - Maximum sustained winds were then 175 mph (280 kph), with gusts of 215 mph (344 kph).
    - - Poor evacuation planning
        
        Congested traffic
        
        5 sept
        
        363500 fled
        
        236700 more expected
    - - Superdome - NO
        
        100mph winds ripped roof away
        
        Crime ridden
      - Sancturatry - Houston
        
        25000 ppl
        
        More time to organize n clean hospitals
        
        Shipped ppl to smaller towns n cities in the region
      - Red cross
        
        275 shelters across 9 states