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Y3 Geog case studies - Coggle Diagram
Y3 Geog case studies
Holderness
Physical factors
Weather
Winter storms
Stronger waves
Higher sea leverls
Rain intensifies land-based processes
Saturated cliffs
Increased run off
Slumping
Mass movements
Waves
From north east
Also largest fetch
Destructive erode beaches
Remove clay in suspension
Longshore drift carries material southwarf
Tides & low energy environment
Sediment collects to form
Spit
Mudflats
Sand dunes
Geology
Chalk
More resistent
Survived large scale erosion
Resulted in flamborough head
Boulder clay
More easily eroderd
Sweeping bay of holderness
Differential rate of errosion
Gives coastline distinctive shape
Features
Flamborough head
Holderness clidt
Spurn head
Human factors affecting
Presence of ppl along coasr
Threatens life n property
Increasing population levels of leisure and holiday facilitie
Caravan parks
High risks of errosion
interfeering with natural processes
Down drift impact of groyns
Hornsea
Mappleton
Withersea
Sediment prevented from building at beaches elsewhere
Rapid erosion rate
Sediment starvation
Great Cowden
Global warming
Indirect human inpact
Rise in sea levels
Increased storminess
Areas at great risk of coastal flooding and erosion
Spurn head
Shoreline of number estuary
Coasts management options
Hard engineering
Cliff-foot
Sea walls
Strengths
Traditional
Protect
Valuable resources
High-risk property
Densely populated areas
Weaknesses
Very costly
Foundations easily undermined of built beaches or where the LSD operates
Examples
Hotel resorts
Hornsea
Withernsea
Revetments
Reflect rather than resist waves
Strength
Same as sea wall but cheaper
Weakness
Costly
Does not cope well with strong waves
Examples
Easington gas terminal
Gabions
Strengths
Cheaper than revetments
Weakness
Realatively lightweight
Small scale
Examples
Skipsea
Groynes
Strength
Low capital cost
Repaired relatively easily
Weakness
Need more regular maintainese
Scour downdrift
Wider impacts
Examples
Hornsea
Withernsea
Mappleton
Famous
Offshore bars
Artificial reefs
Reduce power of waves off shore
Strength
Mimic natural bars n reefs
Built of waste materials
Weakness
Ecological impacts
May not work at large scale
Examples
Only used as small scale pilot study so far
Rip-rap
Rock armour
Strength
Effective
Prevents large-scale undermining
Weakness
No longer relatively cheap
May move in sever weather
Examples
Withernsea
Easington
Cliff-face
Cliff drainage
REMOVAL OF WATER
Prevents landslides n slumping
Benefits
Cost effective
Weaknesses
Drained cliffs can dry out
Collapse (rock fall)
Examples
Small scale project in Easington
Cliff regrading
Lower angle of cliffs to stabilise ground
Benefits
Works on clay or lose rocks
Weaknesses
Retreat of cliff line uses up valuable land
Examples
Mappleton
Soft engineering
Beach nourishment
Benefits
Natural looking
Weaknesses
Expensive
Soon erode
Possible ecological effectd
Examples
Horn sea
Mappleton
Do nothing
Benefits
Saves expendeture
Weaknesses
May allow problems to get worse
Examples
Neck of spurn head
“Red-lining/zonal management”
Withdrawal/prevention of planning permission for new development
Benefits
Cost effective in long tem
Weaknesses
Unpopular with residents&buisnesses
Politically tough
Sustainable management
Managed retreat
Incentive giv3ens through grants.buyouts
Encourage re-location
“Set-back” schemes
Benefits
Cost effective
Reduce tides in estuary enviros
Weaknesses
Difficult to argue politically if residents involved
Eg
Suggested in 1994 for horn sea but not implemented
Ideal for estuary and sunk island
Coastal resilience
Partial flooding to allow salt marsh& wetlands adjust to sea water
Erosion in some placed helps sand dunes develop in others
Benefits
V cost effective
Environmentally viable~
Conservation of bird life
Weaknesses
Loss of agriculturally productive land
Eg
Plans to flood sink islans
Plant in sand dunes south of Hornsea
Shoreline management plans
Detailed consultation getting local grips to work tgt
Best solution for each littoral sub-cell
Benefits
Tailored to specific places n needs
Weaknesses
Maybe seen as a delaying tactic
Eg
Further north in Scarborough&whitby areas
How are coastal depictions made
Cost-benefit analysis
Social&economic aspects
Benefits divided by
Costs of building
Cost of maintaining
Environmental impact assessment
Effects strategy will have on area
I put for coastlines
Attractive scenery
Valuable tourist assets
Feasibility studies
Technicall merits of particular scheme
Suited to local geology/coastal processes
Risk assesment
Light of likely recurrence interval and what is at risk
Insurance & legal claims makes this impt
Shoreline management plans
Decide upon most appropriate schemes for each part of c
Consult expert opinion & avoid conflicts
Collect & analyse data
Coastal processes
Existing defences
Land use & built enviro
Natural enviro
Set out objectives
Consider various options available
Do nothing
Hold line
Build out
Retreat
Publish a plan n review
Defense strats
Skipsea
Gabion cages
Bramston
Little protection
Horn sea
Holiday resort
Promenade
Total frontage
Beach v impt
Groynes repaired
£5.2 mil
Advantafges
Locally effective
Low cost
Acceptable vissually
Development possible
Disadvantages
Trapping of sand
Scour at mappleton
Maintainence continual
Do not work on their own
Do not hold mud
Door guards
Sea wall raised
Sand dunes planted with trees
Withernsea
Groynes
Seawall
More comprehensive apporach
Return wall
Protected by rip-rap
Beach nourishmen
Clay wavecut platform
£6.3mil
Advantages
Hold line
Calm concern of locals
Save seasonal jobs
Disadvantages
Costs limit sea wall length
Rocks reduce access to beach
View restricted
Wave noise
Easington
Revetments of rock armour
25% of North Sea production
£4.5 mil scheme
Untested
Spurn head
Abandoment
Could no longer afford to repair damage
Official in 1995
Advantages
Growing annual costs saved
Evidence that it may repair itself
Not all enviro grips against it becoming an islands
No other solution
Disadvantages
Community of lifeboat men n coastguards n families may have to move
Loss of heritage coast :)
Impt bird habitat
Yorkshire wildlife trust
Humber estuary
Managed retreat
Success?
Mapleton
1786
Village 3.5km from sea
1988
Sea at doorstep
1991
Scheme implemented
£2.1 mil spending
2 rock groynes
Rock revetment
Cliffs
Re-graded
Nourishment of beach
Knock-over effect
Groynes in mappleton n hornsea
Sand not deposited at spit
Errosion occurs
Bali touristic locations
Regional geology
Sudan volcanic arch
Islands generated cored by active volcanos
Bali included
Quaternary volcanic
Lamar deposits
Tanah lot
Breccia lenses
Isolated sedimentary bodies
Sub-angular coast gravel
Poorly sorted
Sand matrix
Lateral variation in grain size
Coarse volcanic sand grains
Moderately sorted
Dark grey in colour
Layered sandstone beds
Discontinuous
Erosion
High angle erosinal surface
Breccia cut deeply into
Unit which composed mainly of sands
with large volcanic fragments at lower parts
Change to breccia in upper parts
Protection methods
Mixture of soft&hard engeniering
Fake coral reef
Natural break waters
Hard engineering
100m long gabions
Japanese artificial rocks
East coast
Changi