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AC 3.1 = explain the role of agencies in social control - Coggle Diagram
AC 3.1 = explain the role of agencies in social control
CPS
aims and objectives = Before the 1985 Offences Act, police investigated and prosecuted criminal cases on state behalf. CPS promoted independence by deciding prosecution cases, determining charges, advising police, preparing cases for court, and providing support to victims and witnesses.
funding = CPS, a government-funded body, receives £763 million in 2022-2023 budget. Courts reward costs, and CPS recovers prosecution costs and criminal assets through confiscation, restraint, and enforcement.
philosophy = independent and fair, honest and open, treat everyone with respect, behave professionally and strive for excellence
working practices = The Director of Public Prosecutions (CPS), Stephen Parkinson KC, uses a code of practice to decide if a prosecution should occur. The evidential test assesses the reliability and credibility of evidence, while the public interest test evaluates the seriousness of the offense, suspect culpability, and victim harm.
types of criminality and offenders = The Central Casework Division of the CPS handles complex cases such as international justice, organized crime, special crime, terrorism, and serious and complex fraud.
reach = The CPS, a national force with 14 geographical areas in England and Wales, offers 24/7 charging advice through its virtual 15th area, CPS Direct.
police service
aims and objectives = The goal is to reduce crime and maintain law and order by protecting life, property, peace, and preventing criminal offenses through community collaboration and statutory powers.
funding = In England and Wales, 43 geographic police forces primarily generate income from central government grants, council tax, and special services like football matches and concerts.
philosophy = accountability, fairness, honesty, openness, integrity
working practices = work with communities, patrol community, respond to emergency/non emergency events, keep peace at public meetings, interview suspects victims and witnesses, conduct arrests, attend and give evidence in court, respond to calls, go into specialist roles after long time e.g. neighbourhood officers and criminal investigation departments
types of criminality and offenders = specialist operations = anti-terrorism, covert operations, diplomatic protection, firearms, drugs, royal protection, special branch, dog handlers, river police, mounted police
reach = national but can be broken down to 45 forces in the uk = 39 in england, 4 in wales. national organisations = NCA and British Transport Police
police and crime commissioner (PCC) = regionally elected. hampshire = donna jones (elected 2021). according to the website of the association of police and crime commissions 2017, they are= "the voice of the people and hold the police to account with an aim to cut crime and deliver an effective and efficient police services within an ares."
police community support officers (PCSOs) = Special constables, trained force volunteers, provide visible, reassuring street presence and tackle anti-social behavior, claiming reasonable expenses incurred in their role.
judiciary
aims and objectives = The adversarial system involves parties running cases with a judge acting as a referee, ensuring the jury understands evidence, addresses legal points, and ensures a fair and human rights-compliant trial.
funding = The senior salaries review body (SSRB) provides independent advice to the prime minister, lord chancellor, and secretary of state of defense on judicial salaries.
philosophy = Judges must be loyal to King Charles III, maintain justice, and promise equal application of law through two oaths: oath of allegiance and judicial oath.
working practices = Judges make decisions based on law, evidence, and facts, requiring an independent judiciary for fair, consistent, and neutral administration. They are free from political control, appointed, and have security of tenure, including salary.
types of criminality and offenders = supreme = cases of the greatest public or constitutional importance affecting the whole population. appeal = appeals against convictions/sentences in crown court. crown court = indictable offences such as murder and triable either way offences such as assault or theft. magistrate = triable either way offences or summary offences such as speeding. youth = almost all cases involving 10-17 year olds e.g. antisocial behaviour
reach = supreme court has nationwide jurisdiction and settles points of national importance. judges working in lower courts e.g. crown courts - around 90 around the country that deal with local cases
prison service
aims and objectives = must provide some form of punishment which involves the deprivation of liberty. rehabilitation should be attempted
funding = government collected through taxes. in 2022/2023 the UK gov spent approx £6.09 billion. according to an official study, compiled by the uni of Lausanne for the council of europe, taxpayers in england and wales are paying more to run prisons than most other major countries in west europe
working practices = 105/119 prisons in the uk are run by HMPS - the rest are privately funded, e.g. HMP Birmingham, which are contracted by private security company called G5S. rewards + punishments - token economies -> levels include basic, standard, enhanced. all prisoners start at standard, if they misbehave they go down to basic if they behave they go up to enhanced.
philosophy = some people deserve to lose their freedom, but most offenders can be reformed
prison categories = category A - high risk/maximum security e.g. Frankland. category B - high risk to other offenders e.g. Nottingham, Pentonville, Wandsworth. category C - lower risk but not trusted to be in open conditions e.g. Dartmoor, Berwyn. category D - very low risk to others e.g. Kirkham
NPS
aims and objectives = The statutory criminal justice service supervises 30,000 high-risk offenders released into the community annually, partnering with 21 community rehabilitation companies, courts, police, and private and voluntary sector partners to ensure safe and effective management.
funding = served by 35 probation trusts who are funded by HM prison and probation service (formerly National Offender Management Service aka NOMs)
philosophy = Believe in offending individuals' potential for change, promote social inclusion, and act with professional integrity, considering victim rights and needs in sentence management.
working practices = prepare pre-sentence reports for courts, manages approved premises for offenders with a residence requirement on their sentence, assessing offenders in prison to prepare them for release on licence to community, communicate with and prioritise wellbeing of victims of serious sexual and violent offences
types of criminality/offenders = supervise range of offenders but will categorise them into either very high, high, medium or low risk to society
reach = 12 regions in england and wales, each overseen by a regional probation director
charities and pressure groups
Charities and pressure groups, non-government funded organizations, significantly contribute to the criminal justice system by supporting and defending the interests of their beneficiaries.
the howard league for penal reform = aim - less crime, safer communities, fewer people in prison, seeks to transform prisons for those behind bars. funding - voluntary donations and membership subscriptions. working practices - work with parliament to apply pressure, work with media to raise aware ness about the issues within prisons, ran campaign in 2015 called Books for Prisoners which put pressure on the gov to allow books in prisons
prison reform trust = aim - create a just, humane, effective penal system, improve prison regimes and conditions, defend and promote prisoner's human rights. funding - voluntary donations. working practices - provides advice and info to prisoners, families and other agencies in CJS, organises lectures and conferences to raise awareness, 'out of trouble' campaign reduces the number of young people going into prison, 'out for good' campaign ensures prisoners have secure employment for prisoners on release - meaningful employment achieves social control