Rodrigo Guadalupe p.5 Lymphatic/Immune system
purpose and examples of 1st, 2nd and 3rd lines of defenses
passive vs active immunity
disorders in the immune system
antigens and antibodies
cells function in the immune system
innate and adaptive immune defense
Humoral and cellular response
artificial vs. naturally acquired immunity
Location and function of lymph organs
major functions of lymphatic and immune system
varicella (chicken pox) - highly contagious disease caused by varicella - zester virus
Tuberculosis
bacterial infection that usually affects lungs caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
polio - highly infectious disease that targets young children
pinworm infection - parasitic worms that live in the anal cavity of an infected person
rubella - contagious viral infection caused by virus
meningitis - inflammation of the protective membranes covering brain and spinal cord
pertussis (whooping cough) - respiratory infection caused by bacteria
hepatitis B - disease caused by a virus that attacks the liver
Hand Foot and Mouth disease - highly contagious viral infection
malaria - disease caused by bites of infected mosquitos
measles - childhood infection caused by virus
cholera - infection caused by eating contaminated food or water
haemophilus influenza B - severe bacterial infection
small pox - serious infection caused by variola virus
tetanus - serious bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms
toxoplasmosis - single celled parasite
primary organs
red bone marrow
thymus
secondary organs
Nodes
Spleen
MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue)
tonsils
located throughout body
cleanses the lymph by destroying macrophages and debris, 2) immune system activation
located left side of abdominal cavity just below stomach
functions - 1) site of lymphocyte proliferation mand immune response and surveillance 2) cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets
lymphoid tissue in membranes throughout body, respiratory tract, genitourinary organs and digestive tract, tonsils, appendix and peyer's patch
protects from pathogens trying to enter body
form ring of lymphoid tissue around pharynx
gather and remove pathogens in food or air
palatine tonsils - posterior end of oral cavity
lingual tonsils - lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue
pharyngeal tonsils - located in posterior wall of nasopharynx
tubal tonsils - surround openings of auditory tubes into pharynx
bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck
tissue organ where t cells mature
inside bones
contains RBC, WBC and platelets
t cells - manage immune response and attack and destroy infected cells
B cells - produce plasma cells and secrete anti bodies
macrophages - phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
dendritic cells - capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes also help activate T cells
reticular cells produce reticular fibers called storm in lymphoid organs
1st line of defense
2nd line of defense
3rd line of defense
purpose - surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes along with secretion
examples - acid, enzymes, mucin and skin
necessary if microorganisms inside deeper tissues
examples : NK cells, inflammatory response, antimicrobial proteins and fever
attacks particular foreign substances
T cells and B cells
1st and second line of defense
1st is external body membranes
2nd is antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes and other cells
adaptive
3rd line of defense
functional system rather than organal
release proteins that alert cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules
antibodies produced by lymphocytes, circulate free in body fluids
bind temporarily to target and mark for destruction
cellular
lymphocytes act against target cell
directly by killing infected cells
indirectly by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
activates other lymphocytes or machrophages
antigens
substances that can mobolize adaptive defenses and provoke immune response
targets all adaptive immune response
self antigens - cells covered w/ variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, may be antigenic to other in transfusions or grafts
antigen presenting cells - di not respond to specific antigens
play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
antibodies
immunoglobulin proteins secreted by plasma cells
don not destroy antigens but inactivate and tag them
5 classes: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
T or Y shaped
block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
immune system
protects host from environmental agents such as microbes or chemicals
done by recognition of self and response to non self
lymphatic
maintenance of fluid balance
facilitation of the absorption of dietary fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream for metabolism or storage
third is the enhancement and facilitation of the immune system
passive
temporary
acquired from antibodies passed from mother to baby or injections
occurs when ready made antibodies are introduced into body
active immunity
long lasting and develops when body produces antibodies
respond to an antigen or through vaccines or exposure to antigen
occurs when B cells encounter antigens
naturally acquired
occurs through exposure to a pathogen
leading to the body's immune response
artificially acquired
results from vaccines or immunozitations
bypassing natural infection but still stimulating the immune system
builds immunity against specific disease