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UNIT 11: Public Goods and Common Resources (Hàng hóa công cộng và tài…
UNIT 11: Public Goods and Common Resources
(Hàng hóa công cộng và tài nguyên chung)
Characteristics
Rival in consumption
(tính cạnh tranh)
person "fight" to use
Excludable
(tính loại trừ)
choose person to use
The Different Kinds of Goods
Private goods
: excludable, rival in consumption
Food
Public goods
: not excludable, not rival
national defense
Common resources
: rival but not excludable
fish in the ocean
Natural monopolies
: excludable but not rival
internet at house
Four situation:
Uncongested non-toll road(k tắc,k phí):
public good
Uncongested toll road(có tắc,k phí):
natural monopoly
Congested non-toll road(có tắc,k phí):
common resource
Congested toll road(có tắc,có phí):
private good
Introduction
When goods have no prices, no resources
We consume many goods
without paying
: parks, national defense(quốc phòng), clean air & water
The
Tragedy
(bi kịch) of the
Commons
common resources
often
suffer from overuse
(bị dùng quá mức)
the number of sheep and human decrease
=>land is overexploited(khai thác quá mức)
=> bad land
The
private benefit
from using
land for free
is
higher than
the
social benefi
t from
using land carefully
.
solution:
policies
Tax
to internalize the externality
(nội hiện hóa ngoại tác)
control land
can
trade permits
allowing use the land
=> ngăn dùng quá mức