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Forensic - Coggle Diagram
Forensic
Psychological explanations
Eysenck's theory
Cognitive
Differential association theory
Psychodynamic
Dealing with offending behaviour
Behaviour modification in custody
Anger management
A therapeutic programme that involves identifying the signs that may trigger anger as well as learning techniques to calm down and deal with the situation in a positive way. The aim of of anger mang=agemnt is not to prevent anger but to recognise it and manage it. anger management can be offered in prison to encourage self-awareness and facilitate rehabilitation
Raymond Novaco - suggested that cognitive factors trigger the emotional arousal which generally precedes aggressive acts. He argues that, in some people, anger is quick to surface in situations that are perceived to be anxiety-inducing or threatening.
Through the behaviourist lens - becoming angry is reinforced by the individual's feeling of control in that situation. this leads to anger management programmes are a form of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) - the individual is taught how to recognize when they are losing control, and then encouraged to develop techniques which bring about conflict-resolution without the need for violence. this is done by three stages:
Skill acquisition
- in this stage the offender are introduced to a range of techniques ad skills to help them deal with anger-provoking situations more rationally and effectively. these could be cognitive: positive self talk to encourage calmness; Behavioural: assertiveness training in oe to communicate more effectively, and physiological: methods of relaxation and meditation. this promotes the idea that it is possible for the offended to be in control of their emotions rather than ruled by the.
Application practice
- in this final phase, offended are given the opportunity to practise their skills within a carefully monitored environment e.g. role play - the therapist and offender re-enacting scenarios that may have escalated feelings of anger and acts of violence int he past. this requires commitment from the offender - they must see the scenario as real. this requires a certain amount of bravery from fom from the therapist whose job it to 'wind up' the offender in order to assess their progress. Successful negotiation of the rile play would be met with positive reinforcement from the therapist
Cognitive preparation
- This phrase involves: the offender to reflect in past experience and consider the typical pattern of their anger. They learn to identify those situations which act as triggers to anger. also the therapist needs to make clear is the offenders interpretation f the event is irrational.
Restorative justice
A system of dealing with criminal behaviour which focusses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation within victims. Offenders see the impact of their crime and the process empowers victims by giving them a “voice.”
The survivor is given the opportunity to confront the offender and explain how their actions impacted them – this reduces ‘victimisation’ as it gives them a voice.
Restorative justice should take place with a mediator and outside of a court room. There should be no element of punishment.
Normally an offender is accused of committing a crime against the state. In this case they are acknowledging that they have committed a crime against a person. Survivors take an active role in this process so the offenders have to take responsibility for their crime.
This is done by: An opportunity to explain the impact of the crime (impact statements), An acknowledgement of the harm caused, A chance to ask questions, Acceptance of responsibility, Active rather than passive involvement of both parties
Custodial sentencing - Deterrence: a method of stopping someone doing something (in this context it is used to prevent crime).
Custodial sentencing: a judicial sentence determined by court, where the offender is punished by serving time in prison (incarceration) or in some other closed therapeutic and/or educational institution, such as a psychiatric hospital.
Recidivism: Reoffending, a tendency to relapse into a previous condition or mode of behaviour; in the context of crime, a convicted criminal who reoffends, usually repeatedly.
Rehabilitation: to change the behaviour of an offender to being a non offender.
Offender profiling
The top down approach
The bottom-up approach
Biological explanations
An historical approach
Genetic and neutal