Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Amanda Gil Period 3 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Amanda Gil Period 3 Lymphatic/Immune System
Major functions
Lymphatic System
lymphatic vessels carry/collect excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces and return it to the blood
lymph nodes on lymphatic vessels contain lymphocytes that help defend the body against disease
serves as a second circulatory system
lymph nodes filter lymph and remove bacteria/cellular debris before the lymph is sent back to the blood
helps the immune system by the production of T cells in the thymus that provide immunity
Immune System
defend body against infection
include defenses and barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body
If a pathogen enters the body the immune system will react by mechanisms of defense
antigens can be any big molecules that can trigger a immune repsonse
alerts the body of an invader and gets rid of it/destorys it
Lymphatic organs
Lymph Node: located throughout the entire body but mainly cervical, axial, and inguinal areas-- they cleanse lymph, and is the cite for lymphocyte activation+proliferation
Spleen(largest): located on the left hand side of the abdomen-- cleanses the bloodstream+removes aged and defected RBCs, is the site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation, stores platelets, monocytes, and iron , Contains blood instead of lymph
Thymus: located on the superior surface of the heart, is the site of T cell maturation, shrinks in size in lifetime
Tonsils: located behind the soft palate and serves as a defense against inhaled or digested pathogens
Peyer's Patches: located in the distal part of the small intestine, protects against harmful pathogens and monitor bacteria
Red Bone Marrow: located in the central portions of flat bones, produces all formed elements of blood
unencapulated lymphatic tissue associated with digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems=MALT
Innate and Adaptive Immune defenses
Innate (nonspecific) defense: guard against many pathogen types quickly
Inflammation: a tissue response to an injury or infection, stops the spread of a pathogen or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, pain, heat
Chemical Barriers: chemicals that kill many pathogens, kills pathogens by an acidic environment caused by HCI in gastric juice
Mechanical Barriers: hair, mucus, sweat that prevent entry of pathogens by providing a physical separation
Natural Killer Cells: small group of lymphoctyes other than T and B cells, secrete substances that enhance inflammation, defend body against virus and cancer cells by secreting cytolic substances---perforins break apart cell membranes of pathogens
Species Resistance: a species is resistant to a disease that affects other species, based on chemical environments, temperature, and the presence/absence of receptors for a certain type of pathogen
Phagocytosis: engulfment/digestion of a pathogen, foreign particle, or debris, most active are neutrophils(eat small particles) and monocytes(eat big particles), phagocytes attract to the area injured by chemotaxis
Fever: elevated body temperature, provides a hostile environment for pathogens, phagocytic cells attack aggressively when the temperature increases
Adaptive(specific) defense: slow response, accomplished by lymphocytes that secrete cytokines and antibodies
response by the body against a specific pathogen-toxins or metabolic products
performed by lymphocytes/macrophages that recognize foreign molecules on certain pathogens
includes cellular and humoral immune response
red bone marrow releases undifferetiated lymphocyte precursors into the circulation
production of b/t cells: stem cells give rise to lymphocyte precursors, some are processed in thymus and become t cells, some processed in bone marrow to become b cells, t/b cells transported through blood to lymphatic organs
Primary response: activate b/t cells during 1st antigen encounter, antibodies are released into the blood and help destroy antigens for weeks, some b cells stay as memory b cells
Secondary response: rapid, lasts long, response to a subsequent encounter with the same antigen, memory b cells remember and antibodies can remain for years to provide a long term immunity
is active or passive
Lines of Defense
1st line of defense: Mechanical Barriers (hair, mucus, sweat)
stop certain pathogens from entering by providing a physical separation between pathogens and internal tissues
examples: unbroken skin and mucous membrane of the body
2nd line of defense: Chemical Barriers
HCI in gastric juices provides an acidic environment that is lethal to some pathogens
enzymes: destroy many pathogens
interferons: hormone like peptides that are secreted by lymphocytes or fibroblasts when a virus or tumor cells are present, they block the replication and reduce the rate of growth of the tumor
chemicals that kill many pathogens
3rd line of defense: adaptive immune defenses
cellular immune response: response through cell to cell contact, activated T cells interact directly with antigen bearing cells
humoral immune response: antibodies travel throughout the body fluids in order to attack and destroy antigens
response by the body against specific pathogens
performed by lymphocytes/macrophages that identify foreign molecules on specific pathogens
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigens
can be any large molecules that are able to trigger an immune response
before birth the body makes an inventory of "self" antigens
an immune response is for non self molecules that are usually complex and big foreign molecules
Antibodies
5 major types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
there are 3 ways that they react to an antigen
a direct attack: clump, preupitation, neutralization of an antigen, make an antigen more likely to go through phagocytosis
activation of complement: enhance phagocytosis, attack macrophages, inflamation, clumping, alter molecular structure, or reupture the membrane of an antigen or antigen bearing cell
inflammation: prevents the spread of pathogens by stimulating the local inflammatory changes in the area
autoantibodies damage the bodies own tissue
Artificially vs Naturally Acquired Immunity
naturally acquired active immunity: results in a stimulation of immune response with symptoms of disease
mechanism: exposure to live pathogens & made memory cells
artificially acquired active immunity: results in a stimulation of immune response without severe symptoms of disease
Mechanism: exposure to vaccine with weakened or dead pathogens or components
naturally acquired passive immunity: results in short term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response
mechanism: antibodies passed to fetus from mom with active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or milk & transferred antibodies
artificially acquired passive immunity: results in short term immunity without stimulating an immune response
Mechanism: injection of antiwerum or gamma globulins (plasma donation-antibodies)
Humoral and Cellular response
Humoral Immune Response:
antibodies travel through body fluids and attack/destroy antigens
b cell becomes activated and produces a clone when it encounters an antigen that matches its receptors+binds
A helper t cell comes across a b cell that already binded with an antigen and the t cell releases cytokines that activate b cell and stimulate it to proliferation(divide/form clone)
Cellular Immune Response:
MHC help t cells recognize displayed antigens, they become activated when a t cell recognizes and binds to an antigenic fragment that match the receptors
a response through cell to cell contact as activated t cells directly interact with antigen bearing cells
macrophages acting as APCs digest pathogen and display those antigenic fragments on their cell membrane--complexed with special proteins: MHC
t cells synthesize/secrete cytokines that enhance cellular response to antigens, some secrete growth inhibiting factors, toxins or interferon
lymphocytes need to be activated before they respond to antigens
Passive vs Active Immunity
Passive(no memory): by receiving antibodies, no antigen contact / immune response, no memory B cells produced, short term immunity
Active(memory): get through antigen exposure, immune response occurred in person, antibodies and memory B cells are produced, long lasting immunity
immunity can be acquired by natural events like a disease or infection
active: get through antigen exposure, immune response in person, antibodies/memory b cells produced, long lasting immunity
passive: receive antibodies, no antigen contact or immune response, no memory b cells produced, short term immunity
Cells in the Immune system
lymphocytes/macrophages: recognize foreign molecules o pathogens
T cells: make up for 70 to 80% of circulating lymphocytes, provide cellular immune response where t cells directly interact with antigens and destroy them
B cells: make up 20 to 30 % of circulating lymphocytes, provide humoral immune response where b cells indirectly interact, produce antibodies that kill antigens
helper t cell: stimulate b cells to produce antibodies against a displayed antigen
memory t cell: gives a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen and divide to produce a large number of cytoxic t cells
cytoxic cells: Killer t cell, monitor the bodys cells, recognize and eliminate cancer or virus infected cells, bind to antigen bearing cells and release perforin that cuts holes in cell membranes that destroy them
granolucytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell
dendritic cells: eat large proteins in interstitial fluid
Disorders
BACTERIA meningitis: inflammation of membranes covering the brain/spinal cord caused by a bacterial infection
VIRUS hand foot mouth disease: highly contagious viral infection that spreads from person to person contact
VIRUS hepatitis b: contagious liver infection caused by the hepatitis b virus
BACTERIA hib: severe bacterial infection particularly among infants
VIRUS polio: highly infectious disease that targets young children
BACTERIA pertussis(whooping cough): respiratory infection caused by bacteria
VIRUS: varicella(chicken pox): highly contagious disease caused by a virus that appears as pimple like bumps on the skin
BACTERIA tetanus: serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms and can lead to death
VIRUS measles: childhood infection caused by a virus
VIRUS small pox: serious infection caused by the variola virus
VIRUS rubella: contagious disease caused by a virus
BACTERIA tb: bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs caused by mycobacterium tb
PARASITIC pinworm infection: parasitic worms that live in the anal cavity of an infected person
PARASITIC malaria: mosquito borne disease caused by a parasite
BACTERIA cholera: acute diarrheal illness caused by an infection of intestine with ribrio cholerae bacteria
PARASITIC toxoplasmosis: infection caused by a single celled parasite called toxoplasma gondii