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RELIGIOUS REFORMS, image, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…

- - - - The Church’s hierarchical structure was reaffirmed
      - The Vulgate Bible was the only valid version
      - The seven sacraments and worship of the Virgin Mary and saints were maintained
- - - - By Martin Luther
        
        opposed Pope Leo X’s proposal to grant indulgences in exchange for money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in the Vatican
        
        wrote his Ninety-five Theses criticising indulgences
        
        refused to retract his theses
        
        developed his own doctrine based on individual Christianity
        
        Lutheran ideas spread throughout the Holy Roman Empire
        
        Emperor Carlos V intervened
        
        tried to seek a compromise between Luther and the Catholic Church
        
        condemned Lutheranism at two imperial assemblies
        
        Diet of worms (1521)
        
        Diet of Speyer (1529
        
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    - - Salvation through faith
        
        to save your soul, you only needed to have very strong faith
      - Free interpretation of the Bible
        
        Anyone could interpret the Bible’s message
        
        The church's intrepretation wasn't the only one
      - Reformation of the sacraments
        
        Lutheran doctrine included only two sacraments
        
        Baptism
        
        Eucharist
      - Universal priesthood
        
        Anyone could be priest
      - Religious orders
        
        Virgin Mary and saint's pictures were prohibited
    - - To achieve salvation, you must have faith, follow all precepts and do good works
      - The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was the only valid interpretation
      - Vulgate Bible was the first version of the actual Bible
      - Catholism had 7 sacraments the Eucharist
        
        Holy Orders
        
        Matrimony
        
        Anointing of the Sick
        
        Penance
        
        the Eucharist
        
        Confirmation
        
        Baptism
      - Catholic church had a hierarquical structure defining high and low clergy
      - Whiorshipping the Virgin Mary and Saints was very important
  - - - This system of government was based on principles
        
        Strict adherence to the Bible
        
        This was the only expression of God’s will
        
        Belief in predestination
        
        Everyone is born predestined either to be saved or condemned
        
        Humility and austerity
        
        Although financial and social success were not punished
  - - - Act of Supremacy (1534) was passed
        
        The act granted Henry VIII royal supremacy
        
        became head of the Church of England
        
        Church’s power was diminished under the English monarchs
  - - - successful in the south of the kingdom
      - Catharism had thrived before it was eliminated by the pope’s crusade
    - - instability
        
        in France throughout the 16th century
      - violence
      - wars
    - - developed here because of dissatisfaction with the lack of judgement established by the English Reformation
      - They believed that the Church of England needed to be purified of the influence of Catholicism
- - - - monarchs had more control over the Church
      - The authority of the Pope weaked
  - - - A way of becoming more spiritually and morally relaxed
      - This was criticised by both priests and humanists
    - - LIVING HUMBLY
        
        High clergy was very wealthy
        
        Families of
        
        wealthy middle-class
        
        owned large properties and also benefited from tithe payments
        
        Clergymen
      - CORRECTING MORAL STANDARDS
        
        Priests didn't honour their religious vows
        
        by living with women
        
        gambling
        
        drinking
        
        going to taverns
        
        Priests
        
        were not able to give proper spiritual guidance to their parishioners
      - PREVENTING CORRUPTION
        
        Clergymen engaged in corrupt practices
        
        Simony
        
        buying and selling church offices and titles
        
        nepotism
        
        illegally giving church positions to family members