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Week 10: Earth and Science - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Movement of the earth on its axis, an imaginary line passing through its North and South Poles.
      - One full rotation takes 24 hours equals one day.
      - The earth's rotation direction changes based on the viewing angle. From the North Pole, it spins counterclockwise; from the South Pole, clockwise.
      - Effects
        
        Rotation creates a diurnal cycle of light and darkness, temperature, and humidity changes.
        
        Day and Night: As the Earth spins, some parts face the Sun, making it daytime there, while other parts face away, making it nighttime. This creates the cycle of day and night.
        
        Temperature:
        
        Day and Night Cycle: During the day, when a particular region faces the Sun, it receives sunlight, which warms the surface and increases temperatures. Conversely, during the night, when that region faces away from the Sun, it loses heat, leading to cooler temperatures.
        
        Distribution of Heat: Rotation helps distribute heat across the planet's surface. Regions near the equator receive more direct sunlight due to the curvature of the Earth, leading to higher temperatures, while regions closer to the poles receive less direct sunlight and thus experience cooler temperatures.
        
        Atmospheric Circulation: Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth's rotation, deflects winds and currents, redistributing heat and affecting regional temperatures.
        
        The rotation of the earth created the standardized time zones.
        
        The Earth's rotation causes time zones because different parts of the world have daylight and darkness at different times. The world is divided into 24 time zones, each roughly one hour apart, to keep track of time consistently. This helps us coordinate activities and schedules globally.
        
        Rotation causes the tides.
        
        When the Earth rotates on its axis, water gets pushed away from the center, creating a bulge around the equator called the equatorial bulge.
        
        Gravitational Pull: The Moon's gravity attracts the Earth, causing a bulge of water to form on the side of the Earth facing the Moon. This bulge is a result of the Moon's gravitational force pulling water towards it.
        
        On most coastlines, there are typically two high tides and two low tides per day, meaning there are four tide cycles per day. Each cycle consists of one high tide followed by one low tide. This pattern repeats approximately every 24 hours and 50 minutes, which corresponds roughly to the time it takes for a specific location on Earth to complete one full rotation relative to the Moon.
        
        Sun influence: The Sun also affects tides, though less than the Moon. During full and new moons when they're aligned, high tides are stronger (spring tides). During quarter moons when they're at right angles, high tides are weaker (neap tides).
    - - The rotation of the Earth to the sun; to complete the rotation of the Earth to the sun, it takes 365.25 days, and it also revolves from west to east in an anticlockwise direction.
      - Leap Year: It involves inserting an additional day into the calendar, February 29th, to ensure synchronization between our calendar and the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This adjustment compensates for the fact that it takes approximately 365.25 days for the Earth to complete its orbit, maintaining alignment between our calendar and the changing seasons.
      - Effects
        
        This leads to seasonal changes.
        
        Creates perihelion and aphelion: Perihelion occurs when the earth is closest to the sun. Aphelion occurs when the earth is far from the sun.
        
        The occurrence of equinoxes and solstices has a direct influence on the varied length of day and night.
        
        Equinox: A time of the year when day and night are approximately equal in length. It happens twice a year, marking the beginning of spring and autumn.
        
        Vernal or Spring Equinox: The sun crosses the celestial equator to the north on the 20th of March in the Northern Hemisphere.
        
        Day and night are approximately equal in length.
        
        Marks the beginning of spring.
        
        Autumn Equinox: The sun crosses the celestial equator heading south on the 22nd or 23rd of September in the Southern Hemisphere.
        
        Day and night are approximately equal in length.
        
        Marks the beginning of autumn.
        
        Solstice: A specific time of the year when the Sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon, resulting in the longest or shortest day of the year.
        
        Summer Solstice
        
        Longest day of the year.
        
        Sun highest in the sky.
        
        Marks start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere.
        
        Start of winter in the Southern Hemisphere.
        
        Winter Solstice
        
        Shortest day of the year.
        
        Marks the start of winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
        
        Start of summer in the Southern Hemisphere.
    - - Earth's axis of rotation undergoes a slow and continuous wobble, much like the wobbling motion of a spinning top. The Earth's precession cycle has a period of approximately 26,000 years. As a result of precession, the orientation of the Earth's axis changes over time, affecting the timing of seasons.
- - - - The Sun: Its gravity controls the paths of everything in the solar system, like planets, moons, and asteroids. It gives light and warmth to the planets, which is essential for life on Earth
      - Planets: Eight major planets, including Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, as well as their moons.
      - Dwarf Planets: Pluto and other smaller celestial bodies that orbit the Sun but are not classified as full planets.
      - Moons: Natural satellites orbiting planets.
      - Asteroids: Rocky objects ranging in size from small rocks to large bodies, primarily found in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
      - Comets: Ice and dust bodies that orbit the Sun, often with elongated orbits.
      - Kuiper Belt Objects: Objects beyond Neptune, including Pluto, similar to asteroids but with different orbits.
      - Oort Cloud: A distant region containing icy bodies and comets surrounding the solar system.
    - - Characteristics of Planets
        
        Size: Planets range from small rocky bodies, like Mercury, to massive gas giants, like Jupiter.
        
        Composition: Planets can be rocky, like the terrestrial planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars), or primarily composed of gases, like the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn) and ice giants (Uranus and Neptune).
        
        Orbit: Each planet orbits the Sun in its unique path, called an orbit. Some orbits are nearly circular, while others are more elliptical.
        
        Moons: Many planets have moons, or natural satellites, that orbit around them. For example, Earth has one moon, while Jupiter has over 70.
        
        Atmosphere: Some planets, like Earth and Venus, have thick atmospheres composed of gases. Others, like Mars, have thin atmospheres, and some gas giants have very thick atmospheres.
        
        Surface Features: Planets exhibit various surface features, including mountains, valleys, craters, and volcanoes, depending on their composition and geological history.
        
        Rings: Some planets, like Saturn and Uranus, have rings made of dust, rocks, and ice surrounding them.
      - Planets
        
        Terrestrial Planets: Planets that is primarily composed of silicate rocks or metals. These planets have solid surfaces and are often characterized by features such as mountains, valleys, and craters. They are located closer to the Sun compared to the gas giants and have relatively high densities. Also sometimes referred to as "rocky planets" due to their composition.
        
        Mercury: Closest planet to the Sun. It has a very slow rotation, completing one rotation every 59 Earth days. It also has a heavily cratered surface due to impacts from asteroids and comets. Small and rocky. No atmosphere. No moons. Extreme temperature variations between day and night. It revolves around the Sun every 88 days and travels faster than any other planet across space.
        
        Venus: Similar size and composition to Earth. No moons. The thick atmosphere is mainly composed of carbon dioxide. Extremely hot surface due to a runaway greenhouse effect. Covered in clouds of sulfuric acid. It takes 243 Earth days to rotate once – the longest rotation of any planet in the Solar System – and only 224.7 Earth days to complete an orbit of the Sun.
        
        Earth: The third planet from the Sun. Only known planet with abundant liquid water on its surface. Life-supporting atmosphere composed mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Diverse ecosystems and surface features, including continents and oceans. Temperature, precipitation (rain, snow, etc.), wind direction and speed, cloud cover, and air pressure are some of the factors that define Earth's weather. Global atmospheric circulation patterns, the seasons, and geographic location all have an impact on these factors. Because of Earth's axial rotation, there are 24 hours in a day. Earth revolves around the sun for 365 days.
        
        Mars: Known as the "Red Planet" due to its rusty red surface. The thin atmosphere is composed mainly of carbon dioxide. Surface features include valleys, canyons, and extinct volcanoes. Evidence of past liquid water, suggests conditions suitable for life. The two minor moons of Mars are called Deimos and Phobos. The weather on Mars is cold. It takes 24.6 hours to complete a full rotation, which is almost exactly equivalent to an Earthly day (23.9 hours). On Mars, a year consists of 669.6 sols or 687 Earth days.
        
        Gas Giants (Jovian): Planets primarily consist of hydrogen and helium gases, similar to the composition of the Sun. These planets have thick atmospheres and lack solid surfaces. They are typically much larger than terrestrial planets and have lower densities. Characterized by their immense size, strong gravitational fields, and large systems of moons and rings.
        
        Jupiter: Largest planet in the solar system. Composed mostly of hydrogen and helium gases. Has a thick atmosphere with colorful bands and swirling storms, including the Great Red Spot. Extensive system of moons, including the four largest known as the Galilean moons. Including the four largest Galilean moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, Jupiter is home to 95 known moons in total. Strong atmospheric dynamics, including strong winds and storms, are present on Jupiter. A day only lasts 9 hours and 56 minutes. roughly ten hours, or the duration of Jupiter's single rotation. Jupiter takes around 12 Earth years (4,333 Earth days) to complete one orbit around the Sun or one year in Jovian time.
        
        Saturn: Known for its prominent ring system made of ice and rock particles. Similar in composition to Jupiter, primarily hydrogen and helium. Has a thick atmosphere with bands and storms. Moons, including Titan, which has a dense atmosphere and lakes of liquid methane and ethane. Saturn has 146 moons in its orbit as of June 8, 2023. A day lasts only 10.7 hours. About 29.4 Earth years (10,756 Earth days) are needed for Saturn to complete one orbit around the Sun or one year in Saturnian time.
        
        Ice Giants: Planets that primarily consist of "ices" such as water, ammonia, and methane, in addition to hydrogen and helium gases. Similar in size to gas giants but with a different composition. Thick atmospheres, no solid surfaces, similar to gas giants. Different from gas giants because icy materials dominate their composition.
        
        Uranus: Rotates on its side, with its axis tilted almost parallel to its orbit around the Sun. Made primarily of hydrogen, helium, and ice. The atmosphere contains traces of methane, giving it a blue-green color. Rings and moons, including Miranda, have unusual surface features. The five primary moons of Uranus are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon, out of the 28 known moons of Uranus. On Uranus, a day lasts roughly seventeen hours and fourteen minutes. This is the time it takes for Uranus to complete one rotation on its axis. It takes Uranus approximately 84 Earth years (30,687 Earth days) to complete one orbit around the Sun, or one year in Uranian time.
        
        Neptune: Known for its deep blue color due to methane in its atmosphere. Similar composition to Uranus, with hydrogen, helium, and ice. Strong winds and storms, including the Great Dark Spot. Moons, including Triton, orbits Neptune backward compared to the planet's rotation. There are 14 moons known to exist for Neptune. Neptune's day lasts roughly sixteen hours and 6 minutes, or the duration of one rotation or spin. Neptune takes roughly 165 Earth years (60,190 Earth days) to complete one orbit of the Sun or one year in Neptunian time.
- - - - Spring: Warmer weather. Budding plants. Animals return.
      - Summer: Hot temperatures. Long days. Plenty of sunlight
      - Autumn (Fall): Cooler temperatures. Colorful foliage. Harvest time.
      - Winter: Cold temperatures. Shorter days. Snow in many places.
    - - Tilted Axis: Earth is tilted on its axis as it orbits the Sun.
      - Direct Sunlight: During one part of the orbit, a hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun, leading to warmer temperatures (summer).
      - Indirect Sunlight: In another part of the orbit, the hemisphere is tilted away, causing cooler temperatures (winter).
      - Changing Day Length: This tilt also affects the length of daylight hours, leading to longer days in summer and shorter days in winter.
      - Transition Periods: Spring and autumn occur when the tilt is less extreme, resulting in moderate temperatures.
    - - The Philippines has two main seasons, characterized mainly by the amount of rainfall experienced during each one.
      - Dry Season (Tag-init): Occurs from November to April. Hot and dry weather with clear skies. Minimal rainfall. High temperatures, especially in April and May.
      - Wet Season (Tag-ulan): Typically from May to October. Frequent rain showers and thunderstorms, especially in afternoons and evenings. Cooler temperatures and higher humidity. Provides relief from the heat of the dry season.
      - Southwest Monsoon (Habagat): Occurs during the summer months from June to September. Brings warm and moist air from the southwest. Results in heavy rainfall, especially in western parts of the country. Can lead to flooding and landslides, particularly in low-lying and mountainous areas.
      - Northeast Monsoon (Amihan): Occurs during the winter months from November to April. Brings cool and dry air from the northeast. Results in generally dry and cool weather, especially in northern and eastern parts of the country. Can bring occasional rain showers to some areas, particularly in eastern coastal regions.
- - - - Temperature: hotness or coldness of the air.
        
        Solar radiation: The amount of sunlight reaching Earth affects temperature, with more sunlight leading to warmer temperatures.
        
        Latitude: Distance from the equator influences temperature, with areas closer to the equator generally experiencing warmer temperatures due to more direct sunlight.
        
        Altitude: Elevation above sea level affects temperature, with higher altitudes generally experiencing cooler temperatures due to lower air pressure and a thinner atmosphere.
        
        Ocean currents: Ocean currents transport heat around the Earth, affecting temperatures along coastlines and in nearby regions.
        
        Atmospheric circulation: Patterns of air movement, such as winds and storms, distribute heat across the planet, influencing temperature variations in different regions.
        
        Land and water distribution: Land heats up and cools down faster than water, leading to temperature differences between coastal and inland areas.
      - Humidity: the amount of water vapor present in the air. Determines air's comfort level. High humidity feels sticky, low humidity feels dry. Influences weather like cloud formation and precipitation.
      - Air pressure: Force exerted by air molecules in the atmosphere.
        
        High pressure: Indicates sinking air, leading to fair weather and clear skies
        
        Low pressure: Indicates rising air, often associated with cloudy skies and precipitation.
        
        Changes in air pressure: Can cause shifts in weather patterns, such as the development of storms or changes in wind direction.
        
        Measured using a barometer.
      - Wind: Movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
        
        Causes: Differences in air pressure, temperature, and terrain influence wind patterns.
        
        Speed and direction: Wind speed is measured in units like miles per hour (mph) or kilometers per hour (km/h), while wind direction indicates where the wind is coming from (e.g., north, south, east, west).
        
        Effects: Wind can influence weather conditions, including temperature, humidity, and precipitation. It can also affect transportation, agriculture, and outdoor activities.
        
        Measured using anemometers.
      - Precipitation: Water, in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls from the sky to the ground.
        
        Causes: Condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere forms clouds, which can lead to precipitation when droplets or ice crystals become heavy enough to fall.
        
        Types: Rain is liquid water falling from clouds, snow is frozen water crystals, sleet is frozen raindrops, and hail is ice pellets formed in strong thunderstorms.
        
        Distribution: Precipitation patterns vary depending on factors such as location, season, and weather systems like fronts and storms.
        
        Impact: Precipitation is vital for agriculture, replenishing water sources, and maintaining ecosystems, but excessive or prolonged precipitation can lead to flooding, landslides, and other hazards.
        
        Measured using rain gauges: Instruments that collect and measure the amount of precipitation.
      - Pressure: continuous physical force exerted on an object by something in contact with it.
        
        High-pressure regions: Air sinks and spreads out, creating stability. Formed by descending air from anticyclones or subsiding areas. Leads to clear skies and calm weather due to the downward motion of air.
        
        Low-pressure regions: Air rises and comes together, causing instability. Forms at boundaries of different air masses, where warm, moist air rises over cooler, denser air. Leads to cloudy skies and unsettled weather due to the upward motion of air.
    - - Type of Weather Patterns
        
        Seasonal patterns: Regular changes in weather and environment that happen during certain times of the year.
        
        Cyclical patterns: Regular sequences of events that repeat predictably.
        
        Extreme weather events: Severe or unusual weather conditions that differ greatly from normal weather patterns.
      - Factors affecting weather patterns in the Philippines
        
        Air masses: large bodies of air with relatively uniform temperature, humidity, and pressure characteristics.
        
        Fronts: boundaries between air masses with different temperature, humidity, and density characteristics.
        
        Cold Fronts: Bring colder air and heavy rainfall. Occur during the dry season. Bring abrupt weather changes, like cooler temperatures and strong winds.
        
        Warm Fronts: Bring warmer air and light rain. Associated with gradual weather changes, like increasing cloud cover and milder temperatures.
        
        Stationary Fronts: Form when two air masses meet but neither advances. Can linger over the region, especially during the wet season. Bring prolonged cloudy weather and continuous rainfall.
        
        Occluded Fronts: Form when a cold front overtakes a warm front. Bring a mix of warm and cold front characteristics, like widespread cloudiness and showers.
        
        Prevailing winds: The dominant wind patterns, such as the northeast and southwest monsoons, influence the movement of air masses and weather patterns.
      - Weather patterns in the Philippines
        
        Tropical cyclones: Bring heavy rainfall, strong winds, and flooding. Can cause storm surges, leading to significant weather impacts.
        
        Breezes
        
        Sea Breezes:Daytime: Land heats up faster than the sea. Creates lower air pressure over land and higher pressure over sea. Cool sea breezes blow from sea to land, bringing relief from heat, especially along coasts.
        
        Land Breezes: Nighttime: Land cools faster than the sea. Causes higher air pressure over land and lower pressure over sea. Cool land breezes blow from land to sea, affecting coastal areas and nearby regions.
        
        Monsoons
        
        Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): Belt of low pressure near the equator. Formed where trade winds from the northern and southern hemispheres converge. Associated with rising air, cloud formation, and precipitation. Can bring heavy rainfall and thunderstorms, particularly during wet seasons.
        
        El Niño and La Niña: climate phenomena that occur as part of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
        
        El Niño: Periodic warming of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Weakens or reverses normal trade wind patterns. Can bring drought conditions to some regions and heavy rainfall to others.
        
        La Niña: Periodic cooling of sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Intensifies normal trade wind patterns. Can bring above-average rainfall to some regions and drought conditions to others.