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Chapter 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - • Elevation follows a similar trend, with higher elevations typically being cooler.
        • Distance from the equator also affects climate, with equatorial regions experiencing warmer temperatures.
        
        • The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment was a comprehensive scientific assessment of the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being.
        • Findings included the identification of declining ecosystem services and the need for urgent conservation efforts.
        
        Chapter 7
        
        • Conservation involves the sustainable use and management of natural resources to maintain their productivity and ecological integrity.
        
        • Preservation emphasizes protecting nature from human interference and maintaining ecosystems in their natural state, often through strict protection measures.
        
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        • Ecosystem use can be categorized as provisioning (e.g., food, water, timber), regulating (e.g., climate regulation, water purification), cultural (e.g., recreational, spiritual), and supporting (e.g., nutrient cycling, soil formation) services.
        
        • Rights of tenure include private ownership, common property, state ownership, and open access.
        
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        • Ecosystem use can be categorized into consumptive and non-consumptive use.
        
        • Consumptive use involves the direct consumption or harvest of ecosystem resources, such as fishing, hunting, and logging.
        
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- - - - • Tertiary Consumers: Organisms that feed on secondary consumers.
        
        • Detritivores/Decomposers: Organisms that break down dead organic matter.
        
        Chapter 6
        
        • Instrumental value refers to the value of biodiversity in providing goods and services that directly benefit humans, such as food, medicine, and ecological services.
        
        • Intrinsic value refers to the inherent worth of biodiversity and ecosystems, independent of their usefulness to humans.
        
        • HIPPO is an acronym representing the major causes of biodiversity loss: Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population growth, and Overexploitation.
        
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        • Losses in biodiversity can lead to reduced ecosystem stability and resilience, decreased ecosystem services, and increased vulnerability to environmental disturbances.
        
        • Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism.
        
        • Habitat destruction includes activities such as deforestation, urbanization, agricultural expansion, and pollution, which degrade or destroy natural habitats.
        
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        • Biological wealth refers to the richness of life in a particular area, encompassing the diversity of species, genetic variation, and ecosystems.
        
        • Biodiversity is the variety of life forms at all levels of biological organization, including species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity.
        
        • Pollutants can be categorized as point source (coming from identifiable sources) or non-point source (coming from diffuse sources).
        
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- - - - • Terrestrial trophic levels are less efficient due to factors such as energy loss during metabolism and limited availability of resources.
        
        • Most ecosystems support around four to five trophic levels.
        
        Chapter 8/9
        
        • The estimated carrying capacity for humans is uncertain and influenced by factors such as technology, resource availability, and environmental conditions.
        
        • In developed nations: Urbanization, pollution, resource depletion, strain on social services, and lifestyle-related environmental impacts.
        
        • TFR is the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years.
        
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        • Agricultural revolution: Increased food production and improved nutrition, leading to population growth.
        
        • Urbanized areas may face additional challenges such as overcrowding, inadequate housing, and pollution from industrial activities.
        
        • The IMPACT (I = P × A × T) or IPAT (I = P × A × T × S) formula relates environmental impact (I) to population size (P), affluence (A), technology (T), and sometimes sensitivity (S).
        • Affluence and technological advancement generally increase environmental impact, while poverty may exacerbate environmental degradation through unsustainable resource use and lack of access to clean technologies.
        
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        • Demography is the scientific study of human populations, including their size, structure, distribution, and dynamics over time.
        
        • In rural, developing nations: Pressure on natural resources, deforestation, soil degradation, poverty, food insecurity, and inadequate infrastructure.
        
        • Impoverished groups are disproportionately affected by environmental issues such as air and water pollution, inadequate sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and exposure to environmental hazards.
        
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        • Industrial revolution: Advances in technology, healthcare, and sanitation contributed to lower mortality rates and increased life expectancy, further fueling population growth.
        
        • Medical revolution: Discoveries in medicine, vaccines, and antibiotics reduced disease prevalence and mortality rates, leading to population growth.
        
        • Replacement-level fertility is the TFR at which each generation replaces itself without population decline, typically around 2.1 children per woman.
        
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- - - - • Types include primary succession (on barren substrates) and secondary succession (on disturbed but still existing ecosystems).
        
        • Fire and other disturbances can act as catalysts for succession by clearing out existing vegetation and allowing new species to colonize.