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8.Humanism and the Renaissance - Coggle Diagram
8.Humanism and the Renaissance
HUMANISM AND KNOWLEDGE
HUMANISM
Humanism was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century. It developed fully in the 15th and 16th centuries, in the rich city-states of the northern part of the Italian Peninsula. These city-states had a flourishing economy and a rich artistic heritage.
THE PRINTING PRESS
Around 1440, Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press. Books could be produced more easily and ideas spread more quickly. It improved literacy, and intellectual life was no longer restricted to monasteries and universities.
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
During the Renaissance, thinkers and academics became interested in understanding the world that surrounded them, and the natural processes that occurred in it.
The aim was to find a well-reasoned explanation for natural phenomena and provide empirical evidence, evidence gained through observation, experience and experimentation.
ASTRONOMY
In the 16th century, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory, which claimed that the Earth and all the other planets orbited the Sun.
This theory contradicted the geocentric theory developed by Ptolemy in the 2nd century, which claimed that the Earth was the immobile centre of the Universe, and all other celestial bodies orbited around it.
THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
The basis of the Renaissance is linked to the artistic changes that occurred in the 15th and 16th centuries
ARCHITECTURE
Innovations in architecture departed from older Gothic forms. The characteristics of Renaissance architecture were:
BUILDING CONCEPT AND DESIGN
THE GROWTH OF CIVIL ARCHITECTURE
A RETURN TO CLASSICAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
THE REVIVAL OF ANCIENT ROMAN ROOFS
PAINTING
Renaissance painters made many advances in painting techniques, as they tried to produce very realistic pictures.
PROPORTION
BALANCE
THE USE OF LIGHT
THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH
SCULPTURE
Renaissance sculpture continued to be influenced by Gothic naturalism, but its main influence was classical sculpture. Sculptors studied Ancient Roman sculptures from Italy, and used them as models.