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Cause and effect of Renaissance, Do not rely on priest for reading…

- - - - He forever changed people's lives throughout Europe and later the rest of the world.
        
        Making books used to require hand-copying every word and picture. At times, the copies were made on parchment, which was made from animal skin that had been scraped until it was thin, smooth, and clean.
        
        Each book was quite expensive due to the amount of labour involved in generating it.
        
        More people were able to purchase reading material since Gutenberg's press made books fast and with less effort. This also resulted in a significant decrease in bookmaking costs.
    - - This phenomenal era , which started with Nicolaus Copernicus and ended with Isaac Newton, saw a significant change in the views that were previously accepted in a variety of fields, including mathematics, physics, medicine, astronomy, and life science.
        
        Without a doubt, the scientific revolution cleared the path for the development of each of these fields.
  - - - Explorers The Renaissance is sometimes referred to as the "Age of Discovery" or the "Age of Exploration" because of the growing desire to discover new colonies, routes, and wealth.
        
        The Renaissance era saw the arrival of remarkable explorers who ventured into unknown territories, expanding the geographical knowledge of the world. Ferdinand Magellan, Christopher Columbus, and Vasco da Gama were the three well-known explorers of this era.
        
        Ferdinand Magellan :
        In 1480, Ferdinand Magellan was born. When Magellan was ten years old, his parents passed away, leaving him an orphan. In 1492, Magellan was appointed as the Queen's messenger at the age of twelve.
        
        In 1519, Magellan started on his first voyage. In addition to sailing across the globe for the sake of himself, he intended to show an important point.
        
        The point was to clarify the widespread belief of the Renaissance—that the world was flat. Instead, it was circular. The 'Magellan Penguin' was thus named by Magellan because he spotted one when 1520 landed. He also saw a dwarf galaxy this year.
        
        Additionally, in 1520, Magellan discovered and navigated a strait that made it simple for traders at the time to go from Asia to Europe. He gave it the name Magellan Strait.
        
        Christopher Columbus :
        Explorer Christopher Columbus is credited for establishing the connection between the Old and New Worlds (North and South America) and Europe, Africa, and Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.
        
        The expansion of trade was one aspect of the Renaissance that helped make Columbus' journey possible. Discovering new paths or regions could lead to enormous amounts of gold or spices, which were the most precious at the time. Columbus's idea was approved by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella for this reason.
        
        The spread of Christianity is another significant Renaissance development that contributed to the possibility of Columbus's expedition.
        
        His main goals upon arriving in America, or as he falsely believed, Asia, were to promote Christianity and find gold to support the trip.
        
        Da Gama :
        At the beginning of the fourteenth and fifteenth century, Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer, sailor, and colonist. He is recognised for establishing Portuguese, and more generally European, military and commercial influence to India and East Africa.
        
        His discovery of the first oceanic passage from Europe to India and Asia brought him fame and success.
        
        The trading markets in Europe were changed by this discovery, which also made it easier for Europeans to access common items like spices from Asia.
        
        The opening of a new sea route to India, which resulted in increased trade, involvement from other nations, advancements in maritime science, conversions, and the introduction of slavery, was one of Da Gama's greatest achievements.
    - - The Renaissance saw the ongoing use of exploratory tools that had been created in the Middle Ages.
        
        Among these was the astrolabe, a tool for navigation that sailors carried about with them. An essential navigational tool, latitude is determined by the astrolabe by measuring the distance of the sun and stars above the horizon.
        
        During the Renaissance, the magnetic compass—another tool —improved upon its invention from the twelfth century. It consists of a needle that is magnetised and pointed north. The sailors might find alternative directions once they understood which way was north.
        
        As Portuguese cartographers—those who create cartography—incorporated information collected by explorers and travellers into their work, maps also became more trustworthy.
  - - - Martin Luther's 95 Theses had a big influence on Christianity as it exists now.
        
        Before the publication of the 95 Theses in 1517, Catholicism dominated European religion.
        
        In addition to changing Catholicism, the 16th-century manuscript served as inspiration for the Protestant Reformation.
        
        Luther's views regarding the supreme authority of Christianity, the afterlife of individuals, and inquiries into the doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe are all included in the summary of the 95 Theses.
        
        Similar to a modern blog post becoming viral on the internet, word of Luther's 95 Theses spread rather swiftly, reaching ears throughout the whole continent of Europe within just two months after the document's release.
        
        The Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope were among the Church officials who had a negative view of the 95 Theses.
        
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- - - - A political system consisting of an independent city having sovereignty over contiguous territory and serving as a centre and leader of political, economic, and cultural life
        
        City states have some advantages over non-citystate countries. Better managing, planning and pacing their population growth
        
        compete number of inventions and developments
        
        such as fame and reputation
      - Merchants
      - Trading centre
      - wealthier than villages through trading or dorts and trading routes
        
        the community structure of ancient Greece
      - Usually located in Florence and Milan
      - Trade --> The growth of economy
      - why are city-states built?
        
        The country's mountainous terrain, many isolated valleys,
        
        numerous offshore islands encouraged the formation of many local centers of power,
        
        rather than one all-powerful capital.
    - - simple definition of what a renaissance man is:
        individual whose knowledge spans a significant number of subjects, which is known to be multi-talented
        
        such as leonardo da vinci
        
        the renaissance man always push for excellence making influences on different people
        
        considered humankind the centre of the universe and led to the belief that people should try to embrace all
        
        resulting to aim for smarter and more useful people for next generations
    - - Medici family is basically a patron of artist who are also the politics that were a huge influence and economy to the world back then
        
        An art-loving family of wealthy bankers (and three popes
        
        The medici family derived their money from land holdings in the Mugello region towards the Apennines, north of Florence.
        
        Known well as the supporter of finance
      - Help funned most of the rising successful artists
        
        they fun artist by patronizing artists in Rome
        
        fulfill their motivations to increase their Family's social status
        
        They embraced portraiture as a means of showcasing their political dominion
    - - Machine by which text and images are transferred from movable type to paper or other media by means of ink
        
        Spread of knowledge and ideas for the populations growth
        
        expressing knowledge to unknown raising awareness
        
        Patient thinking and enlightenment
        
        Such as inquirers
        
        striving for a better society
        
        Considered as the wide spread
        
        That leads to slaves to be liberated to other jobs
        
        such as craftsmens
        
        allows for the mass production of uniform printed matter, mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets and newspapers.
        
        therefore it pursues the truth
    - - Manuscript that revises the learning
        
        Build universities
        
        Which was the legacy of pediments, vaults, and domes
        
        to produce good citizen
        
        language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. was the influence
      - largely based on a skillful reshaping of elements from Ancient Greek imagination, Byzantine glories and European Modernity that form a cosmopolitan spirit of modern Hellenism.
  - - - crusade was for to stop the expansion of Muslim states, to reclaim for Christianity the Holy Land in the Middle East, and to recapture territories that had formerly been Christian.
        
        in results the war's finale outcome was muslims winning the crusade war that last most than 2 centuries which is considered to be one of the longest lasting wars
    - - Learning new ideas from the muslim world
        
        Researching the markets
        
        Trade practice of muslim regions
        
        Exploring the goods, techniques, and cultural influences
        
        the results are encouraging the development of the intellect.
  - - - After 1⁄3 of the population of
        europe passed away because of black death
        
        All three classes died from black death even though the middle class and royalties are wealthy. And all of them suffered from black death because there’s nothing to avoid it.
        
        The feudal system collapsed
        
        They are liberated and set free
        to commited to different jobs
        such as craftsmen and artists.
        
        it benefits the lower class such as slaves and farmers
      - survivors of the bubonic plague, which lasted from 1346 to 1353, may have passed on the ability to survive other pandemics
        
        'Black death' survivors had plague-resistant genes that may boost their descendants' risk of autoimmune disease.
      - the Black Death is believed to have been the result of plague, an infectious fever caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis
      - there are 3 types of plagues which are
        
        bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic
      - Who benefited from the Black Death?
        
        The part of society that the Black Death and its medical discoveries impacted the most was the common civilian
- - - - Humanists studied the classics by learning to read Greek and ancient Latin and by looking for manuscripts that had been left undisturbed for almost two millions of years.