Honors Bio Unit 6
DNA Replication
Cyclins and CDKS
DNA Repair Genes
Cytokinesis
Interphase
Cancer
Proto Oncogene
Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Tumor Supressor Genes
Four main steps of mitosis which are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Mitosis is when the cell splits from one into two cells and is necessary for all organisms.
This is the phase and period when the cell isn't inside of mitosis. There are three main stages in interphase which are G1, synthesis, and G2. Inside G1, there is a phase known as G0 which is G1 paused. During interphase, the cell performs its regular duties and prepares for mitosis.
During interphase and mitosis, cyclins increase in amount during those cycles. Eventually, the amount of cyclins will peak and they will start attaching to the CDKs and the cyclin’s amount will then decrease. The CDKs remain at a constant amount and will then produce a protein whcih helps deal with changing the part of the cell cycle.
Using multiple different enzymes to duplicate DNA for mitosis.
The cell cycle regulates how fast and slow mitosis and all of the stages of interphase work. When certain genes are mutated, that can then mess up the cell cycle and the speed of mitosis. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and CDKs.
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Cytokinesis is the small phase directly after mitosis in which the cell is connected but has two nuclei. So this [hase uses the cleavage furrow to pinch the cell membrane to create two identical cells.
These are the genes that speed up the process of mitosis. Once these genes are mutated, they will turn cancerous and start speeding up mitosis.
These are the type of genes that slow down mitosis and also control apoptosis. These genes are mutated twice, can become cancerous, and cause many problems as mitosis won’t be able to slow down.
DNA repair genes are the genes that repair the DNA in case there is any damage to the DNA. The most famous DNA repair gene is p53. Similarly to oncogenes, they only need one mutation for the gene to become cancerous.