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chapter 1 skeletal and muscular system - Coggle Diagram
chapter 1 skeletal and muscular system
skeleton and its function
types of bones
long bone
longer then it is wider
example's
femur
tibular (front of shin)
fibula (back of shin)
humerus (top of arm)
ulna (inner arm)
radius (outer arm)
clavicle (collar bone)
function
these act as levers to produce a large range of movement
shot bone
as long as it is wide and contain mostly spongy bone.
function
to provide stability and support with in little movement
examples
carpals
tarsals
flat bone
function
provide a large surface area for muscles to attach to
provide protection for organs
examples
pelvis
cranium
scapular (shoulder blade)
made up of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone
irregular bones
function
provide protaction and support
they are shaped to suit specific job they have to do
examples
vertebrae
joint types, structure and formation
types of joints
fixed or immoveable joints
examples
fibrous (in the brain)
description
these bones cannot move at all
slightly moveable
examples
spine
freely movable joints (synovial joints)
description
great amount movement, have lots of parts
parts
muscles
synovial membrane
surrounds the joint capsule with a synovial fluid
bone
synovial fluid
acts a lubricant that reduces friction in the joint; allows for smoother movement and reduces wear and tear
tendon
a tough band of fibrous tissue that conect to muscle
cartilige
a strong but flexible material found at the end of the bones that acts as a cushion to stop bones knocking together
joint capsule
structure, protection of the joint, holding bones together
example
elbow
types of joint
ball and socket joint
deception
these are found at the shoulders and hips
large range of movement in every direction
e.g
actions such as an over the head clear in badminton
hinge joint
deception
find in the elbow and knee
allow movement in one direction
e.g.
jumping in a standing long jump
joint
a point in the body where two or more bones are jointed in a way that permits movement
movement and joints
movement type
flexion
description
bending a part of the body
joint
elbow
sporting example
biceps curl
extension
description
straightening a part of the body
joint
knee
sporting example
standing from a squat
abduction
description
sideways movement AWAY from the body
joint
shoulder
sporting example
deltoid raise
adduction
description
sideways movement TOWARDS the centre of the body
joint
shoulder
sporting example
deltoid lower
rotation
description
Rotation is turning point around an imaginary line
joint
shoulder
sporting example
tennis serve
circumduction
description
when the end of a bone moves in a circle
joint
shoulder
sporting examples
breast stroke
dorsiflextion
description
the movement in the ankle where the toes are brought closer to the shin
joint
ankle
sporting example
sprinters feet in the starting blockes
plantar flextion
description
a movement in the ankle joint that points the foot away from the leg
joint
ankle
sporting example
gymnast pointing their toes
type of muscles and there use
trapezius
main action
holds and rotates your shoulders. Moves head sideways
sporting action
A swimmer turning theirs head to breath
gastrocnemius
main action
straighten the ankle joint so you can stand on your tiptoes
sporting action
take-off for a lay-up in basketball
quadriceps
main action
straighten the leg at the knee. Keep the leg straight at stand up
sporting action
getting elevation in a high jump
latissimus dorsi
main action
pulls your arm down at the shoulder. Draws it behind your back
sporting action
swimming strokes
gluteal
main action
pulls your leg back at the hip. Raise it sideways at the hip. The biggest of the gluteal muscles is the gluteus maximums
sporting action
moving the leading leg and trial leg when hurdling
triceps
main action
striaghtens your arm at the elbow
sporting action
releasing a javelin or a ball
hip flexors
main action
supports movement of the leg and knee upwards
sporting action
lifting the knee during a sprint
biceps
main action
bends your arm at the elbow
sporting action
drawing back a bow in archery
hamstrings
bends the leg at the knee
sporting action
pulling back of the knee before kicking ball
pectorals
main action
moves the arm at the shoulder though adduction
sporting action
forehand drive in tennis
tibialis anterior
sporting action
walking, running or toe-kicking a ball
main action
helps with dorsiflexion, the action of pulling the foot towards the shin
Deltoids
main action
raises each arm forwards, backwards and sideways at the shoulder
sporting action
over head clear in badminton
abdominals
main actio
flexes your spine so that you can bend forwards. Create a pull in the abdomen
sporting action
rowing
antagonisitc muscles actions
origin
where the muscle joins the stationary bone
insertion
where a muscle joins a moving bone
agonist
the muscle that contracts to create movement
antagonist
the muscle that relaxes during the movement
antagonistic
a pear of muscles working in opposition
eccentric
muscle concration where the muscles lengthens
concentric
muscle contraction where the muscles shorten
isomeric
where the muscles contract but stay the same length
isotonic contrition
where muscles change length as they contract
muscles fiber types
slow twitch
constracs slowly
produces little force
high fatigue tolerance
good for endurance
fast switch
contracts quick
produces a large amount of force
lower fatigue tolerance
good for strength and power