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the pronoun - Coggle Diagram
the pronoun
Personal
(I, he, she, it, we, you, they.)
The nominative case: I, he, she, it, we, you, they.
The objective case: me, him, her, it, us, you, them
two numbers: singular, plural
He, she, it distinguish gender
Syntactical functions: subject, object, predicative
reflexive
(myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourself(yourselves), themselves.)
~ Used as direct object
~ May be as predicatives.
~ Perceded by a preposition may be used as inderect object, prepositional objects, attributes, adverbal modifiers
~ May be used to form the reflexive voice.
~ Are used emphatically
~ Not used after the verbs wash, dress, shave.
~ Not used after feel, relax, concentrate, meet
reciprocal (each other, one another.)
~ Express mutual action or relation.
~ The subject to which they refer must always be in plural
Each other -> two people.
One another -> two or more
Two cases: common case (object),
Genetive case (attribute)
defining
(each, every, everybody, everyone, everything,
all, either, both, other, another).
All is a generalizing pronoun it takes a group of things or people as a whole.
Subject, predicative, object, attribute.
◦ Both - two people, things, notions mentioned before.
subject, object, attribute; prepositional inderect object.
◦ Each and every refer to all the members of the group of people, things, or notions mentioned before and taken one by one.
Each -> subject, object, attribute.
Every -> attribute.
◦ Everybody, everyone refer to all the members of the group of people mentioned before or taken one by one.
Two cases: a) common case (subject, object).
b) genetive case (attribute)
◦ Everything may be applied to things, animals and abstract notions.
↳ Subject, predicative, object
Either -> a) Each of the two.
b) One of the other.
↳ attribute or part of the subject.
• Other -> denotes some objects different from the one mentioned before.
Has two numbers: Singular (other), plural (others).
Two cases: the common case, the genetive case (other's, others').
Subject, object, attribite.
• Another - a) a different one.
b) an additional one.
Subject, object, attribute
indefinite
(some, any, somebody, anybody, something,
anything, someone, anyone, one.)
~ Point out some person or thing
indefinitely.
Somebody, anybody, someone,
anyone, one have two cases:
common, genitive.
Subject, predicate, object.
• Somebody, someone, something ->
in affirmative sentences. In special and general questions if they express
some request or proposal.
• Anybody, anyone, anything -> in negative and interrogative sentences
and in conditional clauses.
• Anyone, anybody, anything -> in
affirmative sentences.
• Some -> in affirmative sentences.
• Is used in special and general questions expressing some request or proposal
• Any -> in negative and interrogative sentences and in conditional clauses.
In affirmative sentences = every (любой).
•Some and any with noun of material -> indefinite quantity.
• Some, any -> subject, object, attribute.
one -> in sense of any person or every person.
• Is used in a general sense.
One -> in genitive case.
One -> word- substitute in sing. and plu.
conjunctive
(who, whose, which, what).
a) point back to some person or thing mentioned before.
b) have conjunctive power, introducing subordinate clauses (subject clauses, object clauses, predicative clauses)
Subject, object, predicative, attribute
relative
(who, whose, which, that, as).
a) point back to a noun or pronoun mentioned before.
b) Have conjunctive power.
~ They introduce attributive clauses.
~ May be used as sabject or object.
~ Who -> human beings, animals.
~ Whose -> human beings, animals, things.
~ Which -> things and animals.
~ That -> animals, things, human beings.
~ As + such. As -> to living beings and things
interrogative (who, whose, what, which.)
~ Who has two category of case:
a) the nominative 'who' (human beings)
b) the objective 'whom'
~ Which - который из. May refer to people and things
Subject, predicative, object, attribute
demonstrative (this (these), that (those), such, (the) same.)
This -> those, This -> these.
~ Maybe applied to persons and things.
~ Subjects, predicatives, objects, attributes
~ That (those) maybe used as word-substitute.
~ Same is always used with the definite article.
(The) same - attribute, subject, predicative, object.
~ Such - attribute, predicative, object, subject.
negative
(no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.)
~ Most of indefinite or defining pronouns correspond to negative.
No is used before a noun as its attribute.
None -> human beings and things.
Subject, object.
Nobody, no one -> human beings.
Subject, object.
Nobody in genetive case -> attribute.
After -> they, their, them.
Nothing -> refer to things.
Subject, predicative, object, prep. ind. object.
Neither -> about two things.
Subject, object, attribute
Neither + of -> can combine with a verb in singular or plural
possessive
(my, his, her, its, our, your, their; mine, his,
hers, ours, yours, theirs).
Two forms: dependent (conjoint) and independent (absolute)
Conjoint comes before the noun it modifies (may be attribute)
Absolute -> pronoun doesn't modify any noun (may be subject, predicative, object, attribute)
Often used before the names of the parts of the body, clothing, things belonging to s person, etc.