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Biopsychology Imagen 6 - Coggle Diagram
Biopsychology
Unit I: The meaning of development in humans
Lifelong journey: Involves physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes from conception to death.
Insights into life: Guides interventions and policies, addressing interconnected physical, cognitive, emotional, and social domains.
Crucial for comprehending the intricate nature of the human experience.
Theories of lifespan development.
Erikson's Theory: Psychosocial development, overcoming challenges in stages for healthy progression.
Piaget's Theory: Intellectual growth in stages with active construction of understanding through assimilation and accommodation.
Kohlberg's Theory: Moral reasoning progression, emphasizing evolving ethics and reasoning across the lifespan.
Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory: Environmental impact on development, considering family, community, and culture.
Complementary Perspectives: Theories provide a comprehensive understanding of development, addressing biological, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects.
Influential factors in human development
Biological Factors: Genetic predispositions, physical health, nutrition, hormones, and neurological development shape human development.
Psychological Influences: Cognitive processes, emotional experiences, and individual differences contribute to diverse developmental trajectories.
Social and Environmental Impact: Family, peers, culture, societal norms, and physical surroundings collectively influence opportunities and outcomes in human development.
Physical and biological development in infancy and adolescence
Infancy Development: Rapid physical growth, motor skill emergence, and foundational neurological milestones characterize infancy.
Adolescence Changes: Puberty brings sexual and reproductive changes, hormonal fluctuations, and continued brain maturation in adolescence.
Biological Milestones: Infancy sees rapid brain development, while adolescence involves puberty, cognitive growth, and skeletal maturation.
Cognitive and emotional development in adulthood and old age
Adulthood Cognitive Development: Continued refinement of cognitive skills, acquisition of expertise, and varied memory abilities.
Adulthood Emotional Development: Emphasis on emotional regulation, relationship dynamics, and resilience in facing life challenges.
Old Age Changes: Variable cognitive changes, potential declines, and the emergence of wisdom and valuable insights.
Emotional Aspects of Old Age: Reflection, life satisfaction, emotional resilience, and coping with challenges characterize emotional development.
Lifelong Well-being: Social connections, meaningful activities, and engagement contribute to positive cognitive and emotional development across the lifespan.
Implications of human development in psychology and society
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Psychological Practices: Human development insights enhance therapeutic approaches, counseling, and mental health support in psychology.
Societal Policies: Awareness of human development informs education systems, social policies, and creates inclusive, equitable societies.
Workplace Dynamics: Understanding human development contributes to effective leadership, employee engagement, and organizational management.
Unit II: Biological and motor developmen
Development of the nervous system in infancy.
Early Neural Formation: Prenatal neural tube development and postnatal synaptic refinement shape the infant's nervous system.
Sensory-Motor Maturation: Myelination, sensory pathway specialization, and motor milestones signify crucial nervous system development in infancy.
Motor development milestones in early childhood
Head Lifting (0-2 months): Infants gain neck control, lifting their heads while lying on stomachs.
Rolling Over (3-6 months): Improved coordination as infants roll from stomach to back.
Sitting Without Support (6-8 months): Core strength allows infants to sit upright independently.
Crawling (7-10 months): Reciprocal arm and leg movements enhance coordination and spatial awareness.
Pulling to Stand (9-12 months): Infants begin pulling up using support, preparing for further development.
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Cruising (9-12 months): Sideways movement while holding furniture refines balance and stability.
First Steps (12-18 months): Transition from crawling to independent walking, building confidence.
Running (18-24 months): Progression from walking to running, improving coordination and balance.
Jumping (2-3 years): Experimentation with jumping, initially with both feet leaving the ground.
Fine Motor Skills (2-4 years): Refinement of hand and finger movements for tasks like drawing and stacking.
Hand-Eye Coordination (3-5 years): Improved coordination in activities like catching and throwing a ball.
Physical and motor development in adolescence.
Puberty and Growth Spurt: Onset of puberty triggers rapid growth, hormonal changes, and significant physical development.
Motor Skills Refinement: Throughout adolescence, coordination, balance, and fine motor control improve as the nervous system matures.
Lifestyle Choices Impact: Adolescents' choices, including physical activity and nutrition, influence long-term health and overall well-being.
Biological changes related to development.
Biopsychology Dynamics: Explores intricate biological changes, shaping the nervous system across life stages
Key Milestones: Synaptic pruning, myelination, and neuroplasticity sculpt cognitive abilities during development.
Nature and Nurture Synergy: Hormonal fluctuations and genetics unveil growth mysteries, vulnerabilities, and resilience.
Brain injuries and their impact on motor development
Biopsychological Impact: Brain injuries disrupt neural circuits, affecting motor control and coordination.
Consequences Spectrum: From mild impairments to severe deficits, injuries impact muscle control and coordination
Multifaceted Brain Role: Planning, executing, and fine-tuning movements involve intricate neural pathways, requiring nuanced therapeutic interventions.
Interventions to promote motor development in childhood.
Biopsychological Framework: Interventions align with early neural plasticity to optimize motor development in childhood.
Diverse Strategies: Occupational and physical therapy, motor skill programs, and sensory activities stimulate neural pathways
Individualized Approach: Tailoring interventions considers genetics, environment, and unique needs, fostering lifelong physical competence.
Unit III: Initial knowledge of the physical world: perception and intelligence
Development of sensory perception in babies and children.
Biopsychology Essence: Explores biological influences on behavior, unraveling physiological dimensions in psychology.
Sensory Development Odyssey: Crucial exploration of infancy, shaping perception, intelligence, and cognitive landscapes.
Cognitive Tapestry Unveiled: Reveals the interplay between biology and behavior, emphasizing early sensory experiences' impact.
Perception of space and objects in child development.
Spatial Perception Dynamics: Explores how cognitive development intertwines with sensory input for understanding space.
Object Recognition Odyssey: Integral role of perceptual processes in recognizing, categorizing, and understanding object properties.
Object Permanence Leap: Cognitive milestone showcasing symbiotic relationship between biology and space/object perception in child development.
Development of intelligence in childhood.
Genetic Foundations of Intelligence: Sets the stage for cognitive development and shapes potentialities.
Environmental Impact: Social, educational, and cultural factors sculpt childhood intelligence through neural adaptation.
Executive Functions Maturation: Growth of higher-order cognitive processes facilitates goal-directed behavior and self-regulation.
Theories of cognitive development in infancy.
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage: Infants progress through cognitive stages, constructing schemas and assimilating information.
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory: Emphasizes social and cultural influences on cognitive development, highlighting the Zone of Proximal Development.
Information Processing Theory: Compares infant cognitive processes to a computer system, exploring attention, memory, and problem-solving.
Cognitive processes in problem-solving.
Problem Representation: Involves mental encoding of the problem, relying on memory and neural networks.
Executive Functions: Reasoning, planning, and decision-making engage neural circuits, particularly in the prefrontal cortex.
Neuroscientific Insights: fMRI studies reveal brain activation patterns during different stages of problem-solving tasks.
Memory's Role: Working and long-term memory contribute to retrieving and applying information in problem-solving scenarios.
Development of memory and reasoning in adulthood.
Memory Transformation: Adulthood witnesses dynamic changes in memory, influenced by neural circuits and experiences.
Crystallized Intelligence: Accumulation of knowledge over time shapes memory's storage and retrieval capabilities.
Reasoning Maturation: Neural circuits linked to executive functions, especially the prefrontal cortex, adapt and develop.
Genetic and Environmental Influences: Individual differences in memory and reasoning highlight the interplay of biology and external factors in cognitive trajectories.
Unit IV: The emotional and affective world
Biological bases of emotions.
Limbic System's Role: Emotional processing is centered in the limbic system, with the amygdala crucial for stimuli interpretation.
Neurotransmitter Modulation: Serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine influence mood, arousal, and emotional responses in neural circuits.
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): ANS branches regulate physiological responses tied to emotions, revealing evolutionary aspects in coping mechanisms.
Genetic Influence: Variations in neurotransmitter-related genes and neural connectivity contribute to individual emotional traits and susceptibility to mood disorders.
Emotional development in infancy
Biological Roots: Limbic system and amygdala drive early emotional responses in infants.
Caregiver Influence: Secure attachments and responsive caregiving foster emotional security, resilience, and regulation.
Emotional regulation in adolescence.
Biological Maturation: Prefrontal cortex development and hormonal changes impact emotional regulation in adolescence.
Social Influences: Peer relationships and societal expectations shape adaptive or maladaptive emotional regulation strategies.
Emotional changes in adulthood.
Biological Changes: Neurological, hormonal, and prefrontal cortex maturation contribute to emotional shifts in adulthood.
Psychosocial Influences: Life events, relationships, and emotional intelligence impact emotional experiences across different life stages
Emotional disorders and their relationship with biopsychology.
Biological Factors: Neurotransmitter imbalances, brain structural abnormalities, and genetic predispositions contribute to emotional disorders.
Stress Response System: Dysregulation of the HPA axis due to chronic stress is linked to mood and anxiety disorders.
Interdisciplinary Treatment: Biopsychology informs evidence-based interventions, integrating psychopharmacology and psychotherapy for comprehensive care.
Intervention strategies to promote emotional health.
Biopsychology-based interventions: CBT, mindfulness, exercise, promote resilience, mental well-being, and prevent emotional disorders.
Holistic approaches: Psychoeducation, social support, stress management, nutrition, and community initiatives enhance emotional health.
Multifaceted strategies: Biological interventions, workplace initiatives, awareness campaigns address emotional challenges, fostering well-being.
Unit V: Development of representational ability
Mental representation in early childhood
Biopsychology explores mental representation in early childhood, crucial for cognitive development and behavior.
Early milestones include symbolic thought, language acquisition, and abstract concept formation.
Understanding neural mechanisms provides insights into the interplay of biology and cognitive development.
Development of imagination and symbolic play
Biopsychology explores imagination and symbolic play, revealing the interplay of neurobiology and creativity.
The multifaceted journey involves brain changes influencing creativity, visualization, and mental imagery.
Study of symbolic play uncovers connections between cognition, neural networks, and imaginative behaviors.
Abstract and concrete thinking in adolescence.
Biopsychology delves into abstract and concrete thinking in adolescence, exploring neural maturation.
Adolescent brain changes contribute to enhanced reasoning, problem-solving, and abstract thought capacities.
The bidirectional interplay of biology, hormonal changes, and experiences shapes cognitive development in adolescence.
Mental representation in the context of learning.
Biopsychology investigates mental representation in learning, revealing how the brain encodes information.
Neural plasticity, neurotransmitter release, and connectivity shape mental representations during learning experiences.
Understanding the interplay of biology and cognition enhances educational practices in biopsychology.
Representation in art and creativity.
Biopsychology investigates how neural processes contribute to artistic representation and creativity.
Understanding the brain's role in sensory perception, emotional processing, and cognition informs aesthetic experiences.
The study explores neural networks, neurotransmitters, and individual differences in shaping diverse artistic expressions.
Changes in mental representation throughout life
In infancy, biopsychology explores neural mechanisms shaping basic mental representations like object permanence.
During adolescence, the flexible adolescent brain contributes to the development of abstract thinking and symbolic representation.
In adulthood, biopsychology investigates the balance between stable and flexible mental representations, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
Understanding mental representation changes in older age aids in distinguishing normal cognitive aging from pathological conditions.
Unit VI: The beginning of psychological knowledge: Theory of Mind
Concept and relevance of Theory of Mind.
ToM Definition: Attributing mental states for understanding behavior—central in psychology, particularly in social contexts.
Social Interaction Tool: Facilitates empathy, communication, and cooperation, essential for interpersonal relationships.
Psychological Significance: Impacts self-awareness, identity, and informs clinical psychology, developmental psychology, and social psychology research.
Development of Theory of Mind in childhood
Childhood Theory of Mind evolves from basic understanding to sophisticated social reasoning.
Social experiences crucially contribute to nuanced ToM, refining perspectives and emotional intelligence.
Brain maturation, especially in social cognition regions, plays a crucial role in Theory of Mind.
Theory of Mind in the context of social interactions
Theory of Mind (ToM) shapes social interactions by enabling understanding of others' mental states.
ToM enhances empathy, fostering compassionate connections and supportive relationships in social contexts.
In communication and group dynamics, ToM plays a pivotal role, influencing collaboration and conflict resolution.
Development of empathy and Theory of Mind.
Empathy and Theory of Mind (ToM) co-develop, with empathy forming the basis for ToM.
In early childhood, empathic responses mature alongside the emerging ability to attribute mental states.
The reciprocal relationship between empathy and ToM continues to evolve, enhancing social competence.
Difficulties in Theory of Mind in neuropsychological disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) often involve significant Theory of Mind (ToM) impairments, affecting social interactions.
Schizophrenia is associated with ToM difficulties, impacting accurate interpretation of others' intentions and emotions.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) may also exhibit challenges in ToM.
Applications of Theory of Mind in education and clinical psychology.
Education: ToM interventions boost social skills, emotional intelligence, conflict resolution, literacy, and language development.
Clinical Psychology: ToM assessments aid diagnosis; interventions enhance social skills and inform treatment planning.
Holistic Approach: ToM applications promote well-being, social cognition, and positive outcomes in diverse settings.
