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Demography - Migration and Globalisation - Coggle Diagram
Demography - Migration and Globalisation
Definitions
Immigration - people who move into a country
Emigration - people who move out of a country
Net migration - difference between people moving into and out of a country
Statistics
Population reached 67 million in 2022
Estimated to rise to 71 million by 2031
Long term international migration has remained stable since 2016 and is the main driver of UK population growth
Migrant women have higher fertility rates but these fall in line with the UK average the longer families settle in the UK
Immigrants are generally younger - in 2011, average age of UK passport holder was 41, whereas the average age of non UK passport holder was 31
One in six usual residents of England and Wales were born outside the UK, an increase of 2.5 million from 2011
Chinese nationals were the most common nationality granted Sponsored study visas, with students accounting for 25% of the total
Timeline of migration
1930s
Migrants from Europe
Refugees (Jews)
1950s
Windrush generation
Mass immigration from Caribbean countries
1960/70s
Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Uganda, and Kenya
Invited for work
2000s
Immigration from EU countries
Czechia, Poland, and Lithuania (joined in 2004)
Bulgaria and Romania (joined in 2007)
2011
10% of the population were non white
From data from the census
2016
Brexit led to a sharp fall in immigration
Increase in emigration which has now stabilised
Factors that influence migration
Legislations
Legal migration affected by laws governing the rights of people to move
Illegal migration affected by attempts of government to control access to their territory
UK has limited migration from Caribbean and Asian subcontinent through acts such as the 1962 and 1968 commonwealth immigration acts, which stopped migrants even if they had family members in the UK
1999 immigration and asylum acts made is tougher for asylum seekers to settle in Britain
Britain is now out of the EU which allows free movement of people within the EU (depending on how long the individual worked / lived in Britain
AO2
In 1971, individuals from commonwealth countries who were living in the UK could remain in the UK forever, due to the Immigration Act
In 2012, Hostile Environment Act made it difficult for immigrants to access public services (banks, NHS, landlords) as they needed formal identification
They were sent letters that threatened deportation as they had no official documents
Some were deported, some detained, and some had no healthcare (Windrush scandal)
Push factors
Factors that push people out of particular societies
For example, fleeing prosecution, torture, religious oppression, war, poverty, etc.
AO2
Lack of job opportunities
Led to Windrush to get jobs for people
Pull factors
Factors that attract migrants into a country
For example, job opportunities, study, family, better living standards, stable economy, better political system
Effects of migration
Positive
Economy
More wealth distributed to the economy
From children who gain skills suited to the economy
Migration allows skilled workers to fulfil jobs for the economy
Employment
Allows skilled workers to fulfil jobs for the economy
Fill jobs that people don't want to do
Most immigrants are working age
Public services
Healthcare relies on immigrant workers
These roles will be taken up by them
Negative
Fertility rates
Migrant women have higher fertility rates which increases dependency ratio
Immigrants are more likely to be of a working age, which helps lower the dependency ratio
As immigrants are younger, they have more children, increasing the ratio
Population size
Dependency ratio increases with more immigrants
The number of dependent people when compared to the number of working people
Impact on family structure
South Asian families
Victor et al
90% of South Asian households were multi generational in 2013
Provides support for elders
Stigma around divorce
Bhatti
Izzat - family honour that people hold
Traditional family type
Burden of responsibility to elders
Sandwich generations
African Caribbean families
Chamberlain
Wide support network for those who did not live in the same home as family
Found that fictive kin was common
More common to be lone parent families
Berthard
Modern individualism
Mother was independent
Proud of lack of reliance on anyone else
Matrifocal households
Eastern European families
Beck and Beck Gernsheim
World families
United through marriage / children in different countries
LAT families
Men often moved for work / better standard of living
Chambers
Connected by male sending money back home
Harder for families to migrate as a whole post brexit
Only person that can move is the man
Globalisation and migration
Globalisation has led to an acceleration of migration
UN found that between 2000 and 2013, international migration increased by 33%
Different types of migrants, such as students being a large source of international migrants
Before the 1990s, migrants to the UK came from a narrow range of British colonies, most migrants had the right to settle, and became citizens, forming geographically concentrated and homogeneous ethnic communities
Vertovec - super diversity is many nationalities being in one country, and within these nationalities, there are varying statuses
Cohen's 3 types of migrants
Citizens
Citizens with full citizenship rights, such as voting and access to benefits
AO2
Windrush scandal
In 1948, Britain was starting to recover from WW2 and buildings needed rebuilding
In the Caribbean, many young men and women served in the British armed forces as at the time, many Caribbean countries were under British rule and not independent
After the war, these people answered an advert to come to Britain where there were lots of jobs to do so they got on a ship (Empire Windrush) in 22 June 1948
When they arrived, they experienced racism and found it hard to get a proper home to live in
In 1971, they were told that they could stay permanently but were not given official paperwork
In 2012, changes in immigration law meant that paperwork was needed to access things like free hospital treatment and benefits, so many were deported
In 2018, they were apologised to and were given help to return
Since the 1970s, the UK has made it harder for immigrants to acquire these rights
Denizens
Privileged group of wealthy individuals welcomed to live in the UK
For example, owners of MNCs
AO2
Mohamed Al-Fayed
Owner of Harrods
Helots
Most exploited groups
State and employers regard them as 'disposable units of labour power'
Found in unskilled, poorly paid work and include illegal trafficked workers
AO2
Vietnamese illegal immigrants
39 suffocated to death in the back of a lorry for 12 hours
Feminisation of migration
Almost half of all migrants are female
'Globalisation of the gender division of labour where female migrants are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women's roles as carers or providers of sexual services'
Ehenreich and Hochschild - women from poor countries fill the void left by working women in Western countries, as women work in wealthier Western countries
Shutes - 40% of nurses are migrants
AO2
Chambers and Hochschild
Career orientated Western women are reliant on migrant workers to carry out tasks such as childcare, domestic work, etc.
These women benefit from the March of Progress, but migrant W/C women are being left behind in society
Chambers
Rise of 'mail order brides'
Men pay women to come to the country and marry them
Particularly East Asian women, including China and Thailand
Association of Chief Police Officers
In 2010, they suggested that 17,000 of 30,000 women involved in off street prostitution in England and Wales were migrants
70% of those were thought to be victims of trafficking
Forced Marriage Unit
In 2020, the FMU gave advice or support in 759 cases related to a possible forced marriage and / or FGM
29% (199 cases) involved victims under the age of 18
79% (603 cases) involved female victims
Five 'focus countries' with the highest numbers of forced marriage or FGM are Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, and Somalia
Identity
Migrant identities
People have multiple sources of identity, friends, family, religion, etc.
For immigrants, their country of origin provides an alternative source of identity
AO2
Eade - hybrid identities
Identities are made up of more than one source
Transnational identities
Globalisation has created more diverse migration patterns of people going back and forth through networks
Replaces a permanent settlement in a country
AO2
Erikson - rather than seeing themselves as belonging to one country, migrants may develop transnational identities
Particularly due to globalisation as technology has made it possible to keep global ties without the need to travel
Chinese migrants in Rome didn't see benefits in learning Italian, as maintaining Mandarin was more important for family ties and useful for business
Migration influence on policies
Fundamental British values taught, creating social cohesion with many cultures / identities
Equality Act 2010
Prevent, which acts to prevent radicalisation
Politicisation of migration
Nationality and Borders Act 2022
Deportations to Rwanda for illegal immigrants / asylum seekers
UK government has the right to take away citizenship from any individual
Made immigration and permanent citizenship to the UK a lot tougher
Denmark and Australia have implemented similar rules
Assimilation
Policies that aim to encourage immigrants to adopt language, values, and customs of the host culture
Evaluation (AO3)
Castles argues that assimilation is counterproductive as they are highlighting migrants as different and 'others' which minorities respond by emphasising their difference
Increases hosts' suspicions of them making assimilation less likely
Migrants with hybrid identities are less likely to want to assimilate
Bruce - could lead to cultural defence in the cases where migrants do not wish to assimilate
Growing fear and distrust of immigrants which has led to the creation and growth of anti-immigrant political parties in EU countries
Issues about migrants have differing values that can weaken national culture and identity
Erikson - shallow and deep diversity - veiling of women and arranged marriage
9/11 moved back to assimilation, eg, secular fundamentalism in France and the banning of wearing religious symbols in schools, banning of wearing the veil in public, and some local councils banning halal meat to be sold in schools
Assimilation policies encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems, eg. unemployment
Castles and Kosack argue that this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided W/C and preventing united action