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Memory - Coggle Diagram
Memory
WMM
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Central Executive - Monitors incoming information an divides it into the different stores. Very limited processing capacity and deals with cognitive tasks such as problem solving and arithmetic mentally.
Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSS) - Stores Visual and/ or spatial information. Has a limited capacity and is broken into two subdivisions: The inner scribe and the visual cache.
Episodic Buffer - Added by Baddeley in 2000, stores information temporarily, integrates visual, verbal and spatial information processed by the other stores. Maintains a sense of time sequencing.
Phonological Loop - Deals with auditory information and preserves the order in which the information arrives. Sub divided into: Phonological Store - Stores what we hear, and the Atriculatory Process - Allows maintenance rehearsal.
Key Studies:
KF - Suffered brain damage from a motorcycle accident that damaged his short-term memory. KF's verbal store was mostly affected whereas his visual store was mostly unaffected.
Baddeley and Hitch (1976) - Participants were asked to perform two tasks at a time. A digit span test and a verbal reasoning task. They found that as the number of digits increased, participants could not answer the reasoning questions as fast. This demonstrates that the STM can be broken into multiple stores
MSM
Represents how memory is stored, transferred between the different stores and how they are retrieved and forgotten.
Three different stores - The Sensory Register, STM, LTM
Sensory Register - Has a Sub store for each of the senses. Acts as a temporary buffer store holding information from the environment very briefly. Has a huge capacity but a very short duration (less than half a second).
STM - When attention is paid to the information in the sensory register it gets transferred to the STM. Has a limited capacity, duration and is encoded acoustically. To keep items in the STM we have to rehearse the information
LTM - When maintenance rehearsal is repeated many times, the information gets transferred into the LTM. Has unlimited capacity, theoretically unlimited duration and is coded semantically.
Retrieval - In order for us to recall memories, information from the LTM must be transferred back into the STM. It then passes through the maintenance rehearsal loop again transferring it back into the LTM.
Key Studies:
HM - Had a surgery to remove his hippocampus due to his epilepsy. His STM was not affected but his LTM was affected greatly as he could remember events such as the Vietnam War and his parents death.
Murdock (1962) - Asked participants to free recall a list of words they had learnt earlier varying in 10 -30 words. Found that words that were either early on the list or later in the list were recalled the best due to the Serial Position Effect.
Serial Position Effect - When participants are presented with a list of words they tend to recall the first and last words the best.
This due to either the recency effect or the primary effect. The primary effect is when words are learnt earlier in the list, participants have time to rehearse them so they transfer to the LTM. The recency effect is when words at the end of the list go into the STM so participants can recall them easily.
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Coding, Duration and Capacity
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Key Studies:
Baddeley and Hitch (1966) - Found that more mistakes were made when learning words acoustically-similar words and recalling them straight after (STM), and that more mistakes were made when learning words that were semantically-similar and recalling them after 20 minutes (LTM).
Jacobs found that the mean letter span someone could remember was 7.3 and the mean digit span was 9.3
Petersen et al. (1959) - Found that increasing retention intervals decreased the accuracy at which people could remember constant syllables.
Bahrick et al. (1975) - Found that photo recognition of graduating classmates decreased from 90% to 70% between 15 years and 46 years of graduating.
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