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Living with Global Change - Coggle Diagram
Living with Global Change
Production of Risk
To what extent does knowledge production create (perceived) risk?
'Uncertainty lends power to perception' (Beck, 2006)
Risk can be used to mobilise power (Foucault, 1972)
Beck (1986)
Risk Society
more knowledge -> more choices -> more risk
society increasingly revolves around risk management -> risk is de-politicised
Environmental Governance
"Environment"
Nature as a global currency (Smith, 2007)
biopolitics of 'sacrifice' of nature in GS for GN (Nel, 2015)
Raworth's (2017) 'Doughnut Economics'
Planetary Boundaries (Rockstrom et al 2009): atmos carbon, nitrates & phosphates, biodiversity exceeded
Knowledge Framing
: reframing nuclear power as CC mitigation increased British public support % (Pidgeon et al, 2008)
Diplomacy as a 'knowledge practice' (Constantinou, 2013)
Cartesian binary nature vs society
Mackinder (1887) - geog must bridge this 'abyss'
Dalby (2013) 'environmental possibilism' (env partially restrains human activity)
1972 Limits to Growth report from Club of Rome
Arboleda (2021) Planetary Mine (argues mining so widespread as to be global)
Intergovernmental network is increasingly more powerful than sovereign states (Hajer and Wagenaar, 2003)
Neoliberal mode of governance
cost-benefit analysis (Steger and Roy, 2010)
market environmentalism 'green governmentality' (Backstrand and Lovbrand, 2006)
Neolib will always rely on environmental resources to sustain itself, and can't reproduce it (Castree, 2015)
water as an 'uncooperative commodity' (Bakker, 2005) - despite being privatised in UK 1989, this does not necessarily commodify it
Greenwashing: Coca Cola sponsored COP27 Egypt (Saddington, 2023)
Ocean Governance
Coral bleaching
Coral reefs contain 25% of marine life (UNFCCC, 2023)
2014-17: unprecedented bleaching of 75% of coral reefs globally (UNFCCC, 2023)
Worst-case would be all coral reefs bleached by 2100 (UNEP, 2020)
SSTs +0.76C from 20th cent average (NOAA, 2020)
High Seas Alliance and 2023 Treaty
HS = areas beyond EEZs
= 2/3 of global ocean surface area
= 95% global ocean volume
Goal to protect 50% of all HSs under commons-style governance
UN Convention on Law of the Sea
signed 1982 -> enforced 1994
EEZ 200 nautical miles from shore
turbulent '
wet ontology
' (Steinberg and Peters, 2015)
volumetric turn (Elden, 2013) - geopol isn't flat
SIDS -> Large Oceanic States
EEZs make them important
(Saddington, 2023)
Reclaims agency over colonial ideal of a pristine island
Deep sea mining & climate trade-offs
500% more cobalt needed to sustain electric car and wind turbine production (World Bank, 2021)
Clarion-Clipper Zone (Mexico -> Hawaii continental shelf) holds est. 6x cobalt of terrestrial reserves
International Seabed Authority have awarded over 20 exploratory contracts. No clear deepsea mining policy
Change becomes political at the juncture of intervention
(De-)Politicisation
CC has been detached from political actions and injustices -> 'post-political' (Swyngedouw, 2010)
Society as an immune system, which rejects change in order to maintain dynamic equilibrium (Kegan and Lahey, 2009)
Colonial Legacies
post-colonialism = 'commitment to a future free of colonial power and disposition' (Gregory, 2004)
Islands as colonial spaces (Baldacchino and Royle, 2010)
island biogeog -> vulnerable
'reordered the world's ecology' (Mosley, 2010)
has 'raised barriers to other relations' (Grydehoj, 2010)
UNPO
D'Souza (2003) 'colonial hydrology'
socio-econ and spatial impact on landscape - islands of prosperity surrounded by flooded areas with high disease-risk -. encouraged rural-urban migration for trapped workforce
Risk
Climate Change
'attritional violence' (Nixon, 2011)
Climate Migration
pushed onto individuals
'rational' adaptation (Methmann and Oels, 2015)
ability to adapt is mostly governed by the economic and is depoliticised (Feli and Castree, 2012)
Weber (2016) 'Migration with Dignity' Kiribati
Farbotko (2010) patronising, removes agency from island peoples
680m people live in low lying (<10m) coastal areas (IPCC, 2019)
a 'super-wicked problem' (Levin et al., 2012)
those seeking to solve CC are also causing it
Climate Stats
Foster et al (2017): must go back 50Myr to find climate analogue for today's temperature trajectories, and even then, lower than RCP8.5
Uncertainty in climate projections (Hawkins and Sutton, 2010)
Recent focus on projecting far into future at expense of accuracy + spatial resolutions
Arctic amplification (Pithan and Mauritsen, 2014, clearly showed it by exaggerating CO2 concs 4x then running model of surface warming)
Lithosphere
600m people close enough in range to be threatened by eruptions (Sparks, 2013)
Science -> Policy inaction
Wadge and Isaacs (1988) GIS hazard mapped Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
presented to govt -> no action -> 1995 eruption -> half of island uninhabitable
'failure in communication, political leadership and responsibility' - enquiry afterwards
Knowledge deficit model
Epistemic vs aleatory uncertainty
Rumsfeld Matrix: (un)known (un)knowns
Power
Foucauldian knowledge is power
'fish stocks' -> 'fish populations'
'climate skeptics' -> 'climate change deniers'
Environmental Geopolitics
Geopolitics of the everyday (Pain, 2009)
Embodied diplomacy - speeches standing knee-deep in water
Sea level rise -> ex-situ nation state? (Burkett, 2011)
Emerging Arctic geopol
reimagined as 'a masculine frontier space of state-building practices' (Dittmer et al, 2011)
Recognising geopol dynamics will further climate justice (Carroll, 2016)
'Geopolitics of humiliation' towards climate migrants in Bangladesh viewed as an unsalvagable 'black hole' (Chaturvedi and Doyle, 2010)
Food Insecurity
global homogenisation of food (Khoury et al, 2014)
wheat, rice and maize = 66% of calorific intake globally (FAO, 2023)
95% of wheat is same species
Triticum aestivum
so very small gene pool
Overfishing
fish provides food and nutrients for 3bn people
Worm (2016) project 88% of fish stocks will be overfished and well below target biomass by 2050
GPS tracking legal fishing shows 55% ocean area coverage. Could be 73% with illegal fishing. (Kroodsma et al, 2018)
Areal fishing extent 4x that of agri despite fish only providing 1.2% of calorific consumption globally
Pollinators
75% of crop species partially depend on pollinators, 35% reliant (Aizen et al, 2019)
40% of insect species projected extinct over next few decades (Sanchez-Bayo et al, 2019)
Food availability must double over the 25yrs to meet growing pop demand (McCouch et al, 2013)
54% of countries see women facing higher food insecurity than men do (Dasgupta and Robinson, 2022)
seed repositories e.g. Millenium Seed Bank, 40,000 species in UK (Breman et al., 2021)
But over 40% of rainforest seed species can't survive drying, and tropical forests contain half of all plant species.... unideal (Pence et al, 2022)
Understandings of time