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Marine Carbon Cycle - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Spatial/temporal gradient
        deepened by:
        
        "Biological pump"
        
        Inorganic to organic carbon transitions
        by living organisms
        
        Strong vertical gradient
        
        5-12 Pg C yr-1
        
        (cited by Stukel et al., 2023) ref3-6
        
        (cited by Benoiston et al., 2017)
        
        :red_flag: Model or OBS?
        
        The six BCPs are known as the Biological Gravitational Pump, three physically mediated pumps (the Mixed Layer Pump, the Eddy Subduction Pump, the Large-scale Subduction Pump; the latter includes Ekman pumping), and two animal-mediated pumps (vertical migrations of zooplankton both diel and ontogenic) (Boyd et al., 2019). Fish, jellyfish and other animals larger than zooplankton also perform diel vertical migrations, and may thus contribute to the animal-mediated pumps (Pinti et al., 2021).
        
        10.2 Pg/yr
        
        Satellite-derived input (NPP) + model
        
        Nowicki et al., 2022
        
        "Solubility pump"
        
        ATM-OCN disequilibrium
        generated by:
        
        2) Cooling/Warming of the ocean surface
        
        3) Perturbation in the oceanic concentration by FWF
        
        1) Perturbation in the atmospheric CO2
      - Spatial/temporal gradient
        mitigated by:
        
        Ocean circulations
        
        Mixing
    - - Isopycnal―through which mixing occurs―
        outcrops in the high latitude
        
        Antico, 2004
    - - Antico, 2004; Originally from Watson and Orr, 2003
        
        :check: Positive: Source to the atmosphere
        :warning: Unit???
  - - - −1.6±0.2 PgC/yr
        
        Decomposition:
        
        From air to sea
        −2.1±0.3 PgC/yr from BGC models
        −2.4 ± 0.1 PgC/yr from 2 ocean circulation models
        
        DeVries et al., 2023
        
        1985-2018
        (OBS+model synthesis?)
      - 5-12 PgC/yr
        
        (cited by Stukel et al., 2023)
    - - 118±19 PgC/yr
        
        Carroll et al., 2020
      - 2.3±0.6 PgC/yr
        
        (cited by Carroll et al., 2020) Khatiwala et al., 2009
      - 2.6±0.3 PgC/yr
        
        (cited by Carroll et al., 2020) Gruber et al., 201
      - 2.9 ± 0.4 GtC yr-1 during the decade 2013-2022
        (26% of total CO2 emissions),
        
        Friedlingstein et al., 2023
- - - - (cited by Antico, 2004) Gruber and Sarmiento, 2002
    - - (cited by Antico, 2004)
        Sarmiento andn Toggweiler, 1984;
        Watson and Orr, 2003
    - - (cited by Antico, 2004)
        Oeschger et al., 1975;
        Siegenthaler, 1983; Lin et al., 1988
  - - - (cited by Antico, 2004)
        Hoffert et al., 1981
    - - OCMIP (Ocean Carbon-cycle MIP)
    - - McGill Paleoclimate Model (MPM)
        
        Ocean component is
        a zonally-averaged THC model
    - - CO2 release by upwelling branch of the SMOC
        <- iron limited
      - Lauderdale, 2024
- - - - Carbon sequestration by
        phytoplankton
        
        What affects productivity/sequestration efficiency of phytoplankton?
        
        Light into the ocean column
        affected by:
        
        Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
        
        Water molecules
        
        Detrital matter
        
        Region
        
        Buesseler et al., 2020
        
        Nutrient limitation
        
        Iron (Fe) input from wildfires
        
        2019/2020 Australian case
        
        Tang et al., 2021
        
        ~186 Tg C
        
        1 more item...
        
        To the Southern Ocean, during the SH summer
        where light is sufficient and MLD is shallow
        (i.e., nutrient-limited season)
        
        Metals and nutrient input
        from volcanic lava
        
        2018 Hawai'i case
        
        Wilson et al., 2019
        
        Temperature
        
        MHW
        
        Increases productivity
        in high latitudes
        
        Increased stratification
        -> trapped in the euphotic layer
        
        1 more item...
        
        Decreased productivity
        in low latitudes
        
        Increased stratification
        -> Reduced nutrient supply
        
        1 more item...
        
        Negative impacts on biogeochemistry parameters
        (e.g., chlorophyll, NPP, ...)
        
        Arabian Sea
        
        1 more item...
        
        Biodiversity
        
        Diatoms diversity
        
        20% of the total primary production on Earth
        
        Tréguer et al., 2017
        
        40% of the total marine primary production
        
        Most abundant and diverse siliceous marine microorganisms
        
        Carbon capturing efficiency differs by diatom type
        
        Carbon export efficiency increases
        where macrozooplankton & bacteria are low
        
        (cited by Benedetti et al., 2021)
        Henson et al., 2019
        
        Shifts of copoped (zooplankton) affects carbon sinking rate
        in the North Atlantic
        
        (cited by Benedetti et al., 2021)
        Brun et al., 2019
        
        Size diversity affects NPP
        
        Chen et al., 2019
        
        Type of
        pyhtoplankton?
        
        25 size classes
        
        Ward et al., 2012
        
        Functional types (PFT)
        
        Diversity Index
        
        Indices
        
        Shannon index
        
        Brown et al., 2024
        
        Hedges g effect size
        
        Smale et al., 2019
        
        Inverse Simpson index
        
        Brown et al., 2024
      - N fixation
      - Carbonate production
      - Respirations
    - - ATM-15
        (Atlantic Meridional Transect cruise)
        
        2004 09/10
      - GOCI
        
        Geostationary, 2500x2500 km
        centred on 36°N / 130°E
      - OCCCI
        
        Global
        1997-2023
        
        source
        
        🧾data
      - SeaWifs
        
        Global
        1997-2010
      - Hindcast
        
        Global
        1993-2019
        1/4degree
        
        🧾data
      - Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Programme
        
        1960-2014
    - - Different approaches to the nutrient limit
        
        Monod model
        
        Quota model
        
        Amirian et al., 2022
        
        📃
      - FeMIP
        
        Tagliabue et al., 2016
      - Species Distribution Model
      - Future
        
        Poleward shift at 21 miles per decade
        
        Benedetti et al., 2021
        
        Poleward shifts with warming
        & nutrient supply change
        
        Hutchins and Tagliabue, 2024
      - Carbon pump
        
        Increased along the northwestern boundary/
        Decreased in the open northern North Atlantic
        during the past 55 years
        
        Associated with copepod (zooplankton) changes
        
        Optimal behaviour model
    - - Trends
        
        Chlorophyll
        
        Chlrophyll?
        Regionally varying
        
        Vantrepotte and Melin, 2009
        
        1997-2007
        
        Globally 0.51%/year
        
        Increase in the high latitudes
        
        🧾source
        
        Plankton
        
        No consensus yet
        
        (📃source)
        Boyce et al., 2010; McQuatters-Gollop et al., 2011
        
        As the planet warms, the diversity of the menagerie in many spots is increasing, says Clare Ostle, a marine biogeochemist at the Marine Biological Association in Plymouth.
        
        📃source
        
        :warning: OBS? Model? Uncertain
        
        North Atlantic
        
        Biomass increase near the pole
        decrease to the tropics
        
        Ostle et al., 2022
        
        Diatom increase
        
        Possibly due to more sunlight, being trapped in the upper ocean
        
        North east Atlantic
        
        Abundance decrease ~10%/year
        
        Holland et al., 2023
        
        Arctic
        
        Phytoplankton concentration Increase
        
        NPP increase
        
        Lewis et al., 2020
        
        Warming benefits small
        
        Daufresne et al., 2009
        
        Gardner et al., 2009
        
        :warning: Not always
        
        Rüger and Sommer, 2012
      - Climate's impact
        
        eastern North Pacific
        
        2013/2014 winter,
        Phytoplankton decrease by
        anomalous southerlies,
        weakening nutrient transport
        
        (cited by Khangaonkar et al., 2021)
        Whitney, 2015
        
        Followed by toxigenic diatom bloom
        by anomalously warm ocean conditions
        
        (cited by Khangaonkar et al., 2021)
        McCabe et al., 2016
        
        California Current
        
        Reduced production of the upper trophic predators
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Barber & Chavez, 1983; Peterson et al., 2014; Sydeman et al., 2006
        
        increased frequency of harmful algal blooms
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Du et al., 2011, 2016; McCabe et al., 2016; McKibben et al., 2015, 201
        
        shifts in copepod community from lipid-rich to lipid-poor species
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Fisher et al., 2015; Hooff & Peterson, 2006; Peterson & Keister, 2003
        
        phytoplankton community composition
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Balech, 1959; Bolin & Abbott, 1963; Du et al., 2015; Venrick, 2012
        
        Productivity reduction due to weak upwelling
        and/or a deep pycnocline/nutricline during El Nino
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018) Jacox et al., 2016
        
        Baltic Sea
        
        shifts from diatom to dinoflagellate-dominated communities
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Klais et al., 2011, 201
        
        Northeast Atlantic and North Sea
        
        increase in relative abundance of diatoms over dinoflagellates
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Hinder et al., 201
        
        Southern Caribbean Sea
        
        a shift from larger taxa (e.g., diatoms) to smaller ones (flagellates)
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Taylor et al., 2012
        
        Dinoflagellates seem to be more sensitive than diatoms to rising sea temperature
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018)
        Edwards & Richardson, 2004
        
        Iberian coast
        
        increases of dinoflagellate percentage and Pseudo-nitzschia
        with rising sea temperature and NAO
        
        (cited by Du and Peterson, 2018) Perez et al., 2009
        
        Overall
        
        Decline in plankton due to reduced nutrient upwelling associated with oceanic stratification
        
        (📃source)
        Moore et al., 2018
        
        Southern ocean
        
        2019-2020 phytoplankton bloom by wildfire emissions
        
        Wang et al., 2022
        
        North Atlantic and North Sea
        
        Cold water zooplankton species decrease by 70%
        Warm water species moving northward
        plankton/fish species shifts by 10deg shift over 50 years
        
        Edwards et al., 2013
        
        North Pacific and subtropics
        
        Shifts from diatoms to dinoflagellates
        
        📃source
        
        Antarctic
        
        Favors temperate-water species
        
        Antoni et al., 2020
      - Present
        
        2019/2020 Australian fire
        Carbon uptake as much as those emitted by fires
        
        Wang et al., 2022
        
        50% of Earth's annual net primary production
        
        (cited by Benedetti et al., 2021)
        Field et al., 1998
        
        Phytoplankton mass of 314 billion kg
        
        from Argo buoys
        
        📃Article
        
        Stoer and Fennel, 2024
        
        Previously 300 billion to 2.4 trillion kg from satellites
- - - - :warning: Iron limited
        
        Lauderdale, 2024