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Activity What should we avoid - Coggle Diagram
Activity What should we avoid
What is a fallacie?
Any error in reasoning is a fallacy
Any mistaken idea or false belief may
sometimes be labeled “fallacious.”
Designate not just any error in reasoning
But typical errors
Each fallacy is a type of incorrect argument.
Fallacies of defective induction
Hasty Generalization
a principle that is true of a particular case is
Applied
carelessly
Deliberately
False Cause
An informal fallacy
The mistake arises from accepting as the cause of an
event what is not really its cause.
The Appeal to Inappropriate Authority
In which the appeal to authority is illegitimate
The Argument from Ignorance
A conclusion is supported by an illegitimate appeal
to ignorance
It is supposed that something is likely to be true because
we cannot prove that it is false.
Fallacies of ambiguity.
Equivocation
In which two or more meanings of the same word or phrase
have been confused.
An informal fallacy
Amphiboly
Arising from the loose, awkward, or mistaken way in which
words are combined, leading to alternative possible meanings of a statement.
An informal fallacy
Division
In which a mistaken inference is drawn from the attributes
of a whole to the attributes of the parts of the whole.
An informal fallacy
Composition
An informal fallacy
Which an inference is mistakenly drawn from the attrib-
utes of the parts of a whole to the attributes of the whole itself.
Accent
Committed when a term or phrase has a meaning in the con-
clusion of an argument different from its meaning in one of the premises
An informal fallacy
Fallacies of relevance
The Straw Man
If one argues against some view by presenting an
opponent’s position as one that is easily torn apart
The Red Herring
The effectiveness lies in distraction.
Appeals to Emotion
To appeal emotion that appears with great frequency
The Appeal to the Populace
Making an emotional appeal
the attempt to win popular
assent to a conclusion
by arousing the feelings
of the multitude.
The Appeal to Force
persuade some other person of its truth, by resorting to force
Argument Against the Person
These, are to being unfair to the adversary
Missing the Point
Are disconnected between the premises and the conclusion.
Fallacies of presumption.
Begging the Question
An informal fallacy in which the conclusion of an argument is stated or assumed in one of the premises.
Accident
An informal fallacy in which a generalization is applied to individual cases that it does not govern.
Complex Question
An informal fallacy in which a question is asked in such a way as to presuppose the truth of some proposition buried in the question.