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Elijah Spencer P:3 Immune System - Coggle Diagram

- - - - accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces, due to interference with the flow of lymph
- - - - Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems
    - - Lymph nodes
        
        Lymph nodes are located in groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
        
        Lymph nodes are bean-shaped
        
        Afferent lymphatic vessels enter on the convex surface
        
        These are found along the parts of the larger lymphatic vessels. Major areas of concentration of lymph nodes: cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdominal, pelvic, and inguinal regions.
        
        Filter lymph and removes bacteria and cellular debris before lymph is returned to the blood
        
        Are the center of lymphocyte production
        
        Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria, and parasitic cells that enter a lymph node
        
        Immune system surveillance: Monitor blood fluids; performed by lymphocytes & macrophages
        
        Macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells.
      - Thymus
        
        Shrinks in size during the lifetime; Large in children, small in adults, replaced by adipose & connective tissue in the elderly
        
        Lobules contain lymphocytes, some of which mature into T cells or T lymphocytes, that leave the thymus to provide immunity.
      - Spleen
        
        Lies in the upper left abdominal cavity
        
        Largest lymphatic organs in the body
        
        It contain blood instead of lymph
        
        Filters blood and removes damaged blood cells & Bacteria
- - - - Is resistant to diseases that affect other species. Based on chemical environment, body temperature that does not provide the conditions required by the pathogens, and presence or absence of receptors fro a particular type of pathogen
    - - Prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens & internal tissues. This includes hair, mucus, and sweat
    - - Function- is to stop the spread of pathogens and infection. Characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
    - - Chemicals that kill many pathogens. Such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears.
    - - Small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells and B cells. These defend the body against viruses and cancer cells by secreting cytotoxic substances called perforins, which lys cell membranes of pathogens.
    - - Engulfment of digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and debris
        
        Phagocytes are attracted to chemicals from injured cells.
        
        Neutrophils- engulf smaller particles; monocytes attack larger ones; monocytes give rise to macrophages outside the blood
    - - Occurs when the body temp if re-set to a higher set point
- - - - Response through celt-to-cell contact, as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells. Type of T cells-
        
        Helper T cells- Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the displayed antigen.
        
        Cytotoxic T cells- Monitor the body's cell, recognizing and eliminating cancer cells and virus-infected cells.
        
        Cytokines- activate T cells, which then increase number of identical cells in their clone. Cytotoxic T cells- bind to antigen-bearing cells, and release (perforins) which cut pores in the cell membrane, destroying the cells
        
        Memory T cells- Provide a quick response to any future exposure to the same antigen, by dividing to produce a larger number of cytotoxic T cells
    - - Antibodies traveling through the body fluids to attack and destroy antigens
      - 5 major type of antibodies are IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
        
        Antibody Actions- Direct attack( agglutination, precipitation, or neutralization of antigens, these methods make antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis), Activation of complement( Opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agglutination, neutralization, alteration, or lysis of antigens or antigen-bearing cells), Inflammation( prevent the spread of the pathogens.