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Respiratory System Development - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System Development
Describe the origin of the various components of the lung
Trachea
Embryo Origin Answer
Endoderm
Describe the development of the respiratory tract and the importance of the tracheoesophageal septum
Clinical Developmental Problems
Assess the embryological cause, types, and prenatal presentation of tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresias
Analyze the postnatal clinical presentation and management of tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF) and esophageal atresia. Be familiar with the appearance of tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia on imaging.
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) can lead to polyhydramnios due to the inability of the fetus to swallow amniotic fluid properly. In these conditions, the esophagus doesn't fully develop, causing a blockage or abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea. As a result, the swallowed amniotic fluid cannot pass into the stomach, leading to accumulation in the amniotic sac, thus causing polyhydramnios.
Describe the development of the trachea following the normal separation from the esophagus. When do cartilaginous rings appear?
Secondary Bronchial Buds
Embryo Origin Answer
Splanchnic Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Describe the development of the bronchial tree during the embryological period (< end of week 8). Which weeks do the primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi form?
Describe the major events of the fetal period of bronchial tree development. When do terminal sacs (primitive alveoli) begin to form? When do mature alveoli begin to form? When do these stop forming?
Pericardioperitoneal canals (Future Pleural Cavities)
Embryo Origin Answer
lung bud (AKA respiratory diverticulum) grows into splanchnic lateral late mesoderm to form the pericardioperitoneal canals (future pleural cavities)
Describe each phase of lung maturation. Be able to identify the primary structures formed or event that occurs during each phase and whether respiration is possible or not possible during that phase.
Describe the role of surfactant. When is it produced and what occurs in the absence of surfactant?
Assess the embryological cause for respiratory distress syndrome. Be familiar with the general clinical presentation in premature infants and the general treatment plan.
Analyze the normal changes that occur in the lung prior to birth. What are the current limits of viability for preterm infants and why?
Describe the role of fetal breathing movements with the normal development of the lungs.
Assess the main causes of pulmonary hypoplasia. Be able to describe the mechanism of pulmonary hypoplasia secondary to oligohydramnios.
Partial Answer
oligohydramnios, or low levels of amniotic fluid, is often associated with conditions like pulmonary hypoplasia. Pulmonary hypoplasia occurs when the lungs are underdeveloped, which can lead to decreased production of fetal lung fluid. Amniotic fluid is primarily composed of fetal urine and fluid produced by the lungs. When the lungs are hypoplastic, there's reduced production of lung fluid, resulting in oligohydramnios.
Describe how fluid is removed from the lungs at birth to promote the transition from a fluid-filled environment to an air-filled one.