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Isaac Medina Per 2 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Isaac Medina Per 2 Lymphatic/Immune System
Major Functions of the Lymphatic & Immune Systems
To fight disease-causing germs like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, and to remove them from the body.
To recognize and neutralize harmful substances from the environment
To fight disease-causing changes in the body, such as cancer cells.
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions.
Spleen
The largest lymphatic organ is located on your left side under your ribs and above your stomach. Your spleen filters your blood and removes cells that are old or not working properly.Also keeps red blood cells and platelets available Incase your body needs them.
Bone Marrow
Soft spongy tissue in the center of certain bones like your hip bones, back bones, and breast bones. Your bone marrow has the vital job of making White Blood Cells/Red Blood Cells, and platelets.
Thymus
This organ is located in your upper chest beneath your breastbone and it's most active before puberty. It's where T-cells) type of WBC)Fully mature.T-cells help your body fight off invaders.
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue aggregated situated near the entrance of the digestive and respiratory tracts. Front line of defense forming the initial immunological response to inhaled or ingested pathogens.
Lymphatic vessels
The capillaries collect lymph then merge to vessels that carry this lymph through the lymph nodes.
Lymph Nodes
Lymph nodes are bean shaped glands that monitor and cleanse lymph as it filters through them. They clear out damaged cells and cancer cells. Your lymph nodes also store lymphocytes and other immune system cells that attack and destroy harmful substances like bacteria.You have 600 Lymph Nodes and some are closely connected in groups called chains.
Adenoids
Located between the airway your child breathes into through their nose, and the back of your child's throat. They help body fight infections.
Mucosa
This mucous membranes lines your tonsils. airways, small intestine, and appendix. Malt looks for and destroys germs that could harm you.
Purpose and Examples of First, Second, and Third line of defense
First
Physical and Chemical barriers that cover the body surfaces such as the skin, mucous membranes, saliva, hair, and bodily excretions.
Second
Nonspecific immune cells and chemicals that work to fight pathogens, and white blood cells secrete chemicals that cause inflammation at the site of infection.
Third
B and T Cells target specific antigens or foreign materials. B-Cells differentiate into plasma cells to make antibodies that target specific antigens, neutralizing them, and tagging them for destruction. T-Cells can be Cytotoxic T-cells and destroy antigen-specific cells, or Helper T-cells which bind to specific antigens identifying them to be eliminated.
Innate(Natural) Immune Defenses and Adaptive(Acquired) Immune Defenses
Innate
Dendritic leukocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Mast cells, Granulocytes/macrophages, and basophils.
Cytokines, complement cells, interferons, Acute Phase reactants/proteins, Germline encoded, no somatic rearrangement, non-clonal distribution, Immediate effector activation
Rapidly occurs(0-6h), It's the first line of defense of immune system, No memory, Inflammation,, complement mediated killing, phagocytosis
Immune Response doesn't get altered on repeated exposure, caused by pathogenic virulence, none immediate or delay
Adaptive
Killer CD8+ Tells, Helper CD4+,T cells,B cells, antigen presenting cells
Antibodies,Cytokines/ Encoded in gene segments, somatic rearrangement necessary , clonal distribution, occurs over days to weeks, delayed effector activation.
Action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome innate Immune defense, confer immunological memory/ Antibodies generation, microbial destruction by Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells,
Immune response improves with subsequent exposure caused by mutation of the recognized antigen, and is immediate or delayed.
Humoral Response and Cellular Response
Humoral
The extracellular spaces are protected by the humoral immune response. In which antibodies produced by b-cells cause the destruction of extracellular microorganisms and prevent the spread of intracellular infections.
Cellular
The way that cells respond to signals in their environment and is the third step in signal transduction, the pathway of receiving an external stimulus and causing a response.
Antigens and Antibodies
Antigen
Marker that tells Immune System whether something in your body is harmful or not. Found on Viruses, Bacteria, Tumors. and Normal cells of the body.
Antibody
IgG(Highest opsonization and neutralization activities)classified into subclasses(IgG1,IgG2,IgG3,IgG4)
IgM(Produced first upon antigen invasion. Increases translently.
IgA(Expressed in mucosal tissues. Forms dimers after secretion.
IgD(Unknown Function)
Circulate in your body once created to identify, attack, and destroy the same type of antigens if they enter the body again. FIght against Antigen.
Artificial VS. Naturally acquired immunity
Artificial
Occurs when the body receives a vaccine containing an inactive form of a pathogen. Injection of antibody-containing serum, or immune globulin, from another person or animal.
Natural
Happens after becoming infected with a particular illness. Usually protects from reinfection, at least in the short term. Resistance to a common cold.
Passive VS. Active Immunity
Passive
Acquired immediately. The immunity acquired by an individual when antibodies are introduced into their body from an outside source without contact with disease pathogens or antigens.
Active
Takes time to develop. Individual immune systems are stimulated in response to an antigen or pathogen they produce antibodies and may continue to do so for a long time.
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Lymphocytes
2 Main Types(B & T Cells)Circulate in your blood that is part of the Immune system. Produce Antibody molecules that can latch on and destroy invading viruses or bacteria.
B-Cells
Originate in the bone marrow and they recognize an antigen.
T-Cells
Develop from stem cells in the bone marrow help protect the body from infection and may help fight cancer.
Natural Killer Cells
Control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage. Develop both in bone marrow and secondary lymphoid tissues including tonsils, spleen and lymph nodes.
Neutrophils
Travel to the site of infection where they destroy the microorganisms by ingesting them and releasing enzymes that kill them. Boost the response of other immune cells.
Monocytes/Macrophages
Circulate through the blood for 1-3 days before becoming macrophages or dendritic cells. Function in host protection and tissue injury.
Disorders associated with the immune system
Ashtma
A condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. The airways can become inflamed and narrowed at times making it harder for air to flow out of your airways when you breathe out.
Crohn's disease
Body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys health body tissue like the digestive system.
Multiple Sclerosis
Your immune system mistakenly attacks the brain and nerves. Caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
Psoriatic Arthritis
Causes painful swelling in the joints called inflammation and might cause a feeling of stiffness or swelling.
Celiac Disease
Your immune system hurts your small intestine and it stops your body from taking in nutrients from food. You get these from HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 genes.