Types of Fallacies

Fallacies of Relevance:

Premise irrelevant to the conclusion, but appear related.

Sub-types:

Appeal to the Populace:

Appeal to Emotion:

Red Herring:

Straw Man:

Attack on the Person:

Appeal to Force:

Missing the Point:

Gains support based on popularity, not evidence.

Evokes emotions to gain acceptance, not based on reason.

Introduces irrelevant information to distract.

Misrepresents opponent's argument to attack it easily.

Attacks the characteristics of the person making the argument, not the argument itself.

Uses threats or intimidation to gain acceptance.

Conclusion doesn't address the main point.

Fallacies of Defective Induction:

Weak and insufficient evidence leads to faulty conclusions.

Sub-types:

Argument from Ignorance:

Appeal to Inappropriate Authority:

False Cause:

Hasty Generalization:

Lack of evidence for something not existing is taken as evidence for its non-existence.

Source lacks relevant expertise to support the claim.

Assumes one event caused another without sufficient evidence.

Draws conclusions from a small or unrepresentative sample.

Fallacies of Presumption:

Assumes something not proven or justified

Sub-types:

Accident:

Complex Question:

Begging the Question: the argument itself.

Applies a general rule to a specific case where it doesn't hold true due to exceptional circumstances.

Phrases a question in a way that assumes a specific answer is true.

Assumes the truth of the conclusion within

Fallacies of Ambiguity:

Misleading or unclear use of language creates flawed reasoning.

Sub-types:

Equivocation:

Amphiboly:

Accent:

Composition:

Division:

Uses the same word or phrase with different meanings within the argument

Ambiguous sentence structure creates confusion.

Shifts emphasis within a sentence to change meaning.

Assumes the properties of individual parts apply to the whole, which might not be true.

Assumes the properties of the whole apply to individual parts, which might not be true.