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Lymphatic/Immune System Elizabeth Martinez P:2 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System Elizabeth Martinez P:2
Antigens & Antibodies:
Antibodies-
identify kill /attack infections or pathogens and continue with the same type.
Antigens
- Allow the body to create defense against future invaders.
Locations of Lymphatic and functions:
Lymph Nodes
- Defend body against disease
Function-
Filter Lymph
-Remove bacteria &cellular debris before lymph returned to blood.
Immune Surveillance
-Monitor body fluids; by Lymphocytes & Macrophages
Lymphocytes
-Attack viruses, bacteria & parasitic cells that enter lymph node.
Macrophages
- Engulf & destroy foreign particles, debris & damaged cells.
Location-
Generally in chains along parts of longer lymphatic vessels.
Major areas
: Cervical, Thoracic, Axillary, Supratrochlear, Abdominal, Pelvic & Ingunial Regions.
Thymus
-
Function-
Responsible for maturation of lymphocytes that could mature to T Cells or T lymphocytes leave thymus to provide maturity.
Location-
In chest between lungs, posterior to sternum
Spleen
-
Function-
Filters blood & removes damaged blood cells & bacteria
Contains blood (Similar to large lymph node but with no lymph w/blood)
Location-
Lies in upper left Abdominal cavity
Innate/adaptive immune defenses:
Innate:Guard against many types of pathogens respond quickly
Inflammation- Second Line of Defense
Stop spread of pathogens/infection
Characterized- Redness, swelling, heat, pain
Natural Killer Cells-
Defend body against viruses&cancer cells
Phagocytosis-
Engulfment, & digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, & debris
Neutrophils engulf -smaller particles; monocytes-attack larger ones; Monocytes give rise to Macrophages outside blood , either free or become fixed various tissues.
Chemical Barriers-
Chemicals that kill many pathogens
Fever-
Provide hostile environment for pathogens
Elevated body temp. causes liver & spleen to take up liver
Mechanical Barriers-First Line of Defense
Prevent entry of certain pathogens -providing physical separation of pathogens & internal tissues
Includes hair, mucous, sweat, skin
Adaptive: Respond to certain types of pathogens; respond slowly.
Accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, secret cytokines or antibodies.
Cells involved in immune system & their function:
NK Cells: Kill anything in its path as a disease
Macrophages: Eliminating diseased and damaged cells.
B Cells: Interact indirectly producing antibodies to destroy antigens or antigen-bearing agents.
T Cells: Interacts directly w/antigens or antigen-bearing agents to destroy them
Passive V.S Active immunity
Passive-
Short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response.
Active-
With stimulation and with sometimes with symptoms other times not severe.
(ex&purpose)First,Second, Third line of Defense:
Second- Chemical barriers, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Fever
Attacks any pathogen but isn't for very strong pathogens
Third- Last resort. Cellular, & Humoral response
Must have identified the type of pathogen in order to kill it takes longer but more effective.
First- Mechanical barriers. (Skin, mucous membranes)
Stops very few pathogens to enter
Humoral &Cellular Responses:
Humoral-
1)
Antigen-bearing agent enter tissues,
2)
B-cell encounters-fits its receptors.
3)
Either alone or more often in w/Helper T Cell, B cell-activated-Makes more of itself, enlarging the clone.
4)
Some newly formed B cells differentiate to become Plasma Cells.
5)
Plasma Cells synthesize & secrete antibodies whose molecular structure similar to activated B cells antigen receptors.
Cellular-
1)
Antigen-bearing agent enters tissue.
2)
An accessory cell digest agent.
3)
Takes them to Major Histocompatibility (MHC) proteins- create a wanted poster.
4)
B & T Cells go find the same pathogen, and Helper T Cell activates fits it's receptors.
5)
Activated Helper T Cell releases Cytokines encountering B Cell, w/previously combined identical Antigen-bearing agent.
6)
Cytokines stimulate B Cell to make more of itself, enlarging clone.
7)
Some newly formed B Cells give rise to cells then differentiate in antibody secreting plasma cells
Accessory Cell- Macrophages, Phagocytizes antigen-bearing agent, Macrophages lysomes
Helper T Cell- Stimulate B Cells to produce antibodies against displayed pathogen (organize/get ready.
Cytoxic T Cells-Fight, monitor body cells recognize and eliminate Cancer Cells and Virus-infected Cells
Cytokines- Activate Cytoxic T Cells from helper T Cells. Then increase # of identical cells in their clone.
Disorders associated w/immune system:
Tape Worms
Rabies
Small Pox
Rabbit Fever
Chicken Pox
Polio
Ebola
Hemorrhagic Fever
Scabies
African Sleeping Sickness
Mumps Parotitis
Tuberculosis
Toxopiasmosis
Artificial VS Naturally Acquired Immunity:
Naturally-
Antibodies passed from pregnant mom to baby, breast milk from woman w/active immunity.
Artificially-
Vaccine, Injection needs to be made with chemicals
Major Functions of Lymphatic/Immune:
Lymphatic: Carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces, eventually returning in to the blood. Lymph Nodes help defend the body against disease.
Immune: Defend body against disease while defending the cells.