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Modal verbs, the most straightforward of the modal auxiliaries, central…

- - - - functions
        
        signaling physical and/or mental ability
        
        She can paint on the walls
        
        seeking and granting permission
        
        Can I have a coffee?
        
        indicating possibility or necessity
        
        This year spring can be very cold.
    - - past, long term ability, could is the past
        form of can,
      - functions
        
        expressing physical and/or mental ability
        
        I could run a mile when I was younger
        
        seeking and/or granting permission
        
        Could I borrow your pen, please?/ Yes you could borrow it.
        
        indicating possibility
        
        It could rain later today.
    - - functions
        
        asking for and granting permission
        
        You can email me tomorrow afternoon.
        
        indicating possibility
        
        He may be a bad person.
    - - Functions
        
        asking for and granting permission
        indicating possibility
    - - functions
      - indicating some probability or else a logical necessity
      - expressing a supposition
      - imposing an obligation
    - - functions
        
        suggesting a course of action
        
        Shall we go to school today?
        
        offering assistance
        
        Shall I help you to do your homework?
        
        expressing futurity
        
        We shall study this course to get better at designing web pages in the future
    - - functions
        
        giving advice
        
        expressing a supposition or inevitability
    - - functions
        
        expressing futurity
        
        It will rain this afternoon
        
        seeking permission
        
        Will you let me copy your work?
        
        expressing a supposition
        
        Around at 5pm, we will start our presentation.
        
        referring to habitual or highly regular behaviour
        
        describing a factual possibility
        
        imposing an obligation
    - - would the past form of will
      - functions
        
        making a request
        
        Would you buy me flowers?
        
        indicating possibility
        
        We would study together.
    - - only model verb that requires a to- infinitive
        
        We can go for a walk.
        
        We out to go for a walk
      - functions
        
        giving advice
        
        You ought to/ should finish your assignments till Monday.
        
        expressing a supposition or inevitability
        
        His journey to Japan ought to/ should take about two hours.