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Lymphatic&Immune Systems Yasmin Martinez Period 1, Pathogens - Coggle…
Lymphatic&Immune Systems
Yasmin Martinez Period 1
Innate Defenses
Species Resistance
Species is resistance to diseases that harm others, based on: diff chem environments, body temp that does not provide required conditions for pathogens, presence of absence of receptors
Mechanical Barriers
Prevents pathogen entrance through physical barriers including: skin and mucous membranes
Inflammation
Tissue response to injuries/infection to stop the spread of pathogen recognizable by redness, swelling, heat and pain
Chemical Barriers
HCI - provides acidic environment in gastric juice, Pepsin/Lysozyme - enzymes, Interferons - peptides to slow or stop tumor growth
Natural Killer Cells
Lymphocytes that secrete perforins that lyse cell membranes
Phagocytosis
Engulfment of pathogens, foreign particles and debris. Neutrophils get smaller ones, Monocytes get larger ones
Fever
provides a hostile environment to prevent pathogens from further development
Lines Of Defence
1
Mechanical Barriers
2
Chem Barriers, NK Cells, Inflammation, Phagocytosis
3a Cellular Immune Response
cell-to-cell contact
activated by T Cells
that secrete
cytokines
enhancing cell response to antigens
3b Humoral Immune Response
activated by helper T cells, possibly on its own, antibodies
travel through body fluids
destroying antigens
Major Functions
Lymphatic System
Lymphatic vessels
collect and carry excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces that returns to blood,
lymph nodes
along the vessels contain
lymphocytes
that defend the body against disease
Lymph
= tissue fluid that has entered
lymphatic capillaries
Lymph Nodes
Afferent lymphatic vessels
enter on the convex surfaces, filtered lymph through
efferent lymphatic vessels
REMOVING pathogens
Filter Lymph
:
remove bacteria and cellular debris
before
lymph is returned to the blood
Immune surveillance
:
Monitor body fluids
(lymphocytes and macrophages)
Lymphocytes
: (produced here)
attack
bacteria, viruses and parasitic cells in lymph nodes
Macrophages
:
consume and destroy
particles, debris, damaged cells
Immune System
Defend the body against infection, protecting it's own cells
Basic Mechanisms
Innate(nonspecific)
guard against
many
pathogens, quick response
Species Resistant, Mechanical Barriers, Chemical Barriers, Natural Killer cells, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, and Fever
Adaptive (specific)
guard against certain pathogen, slow response
Specialized lymphocytes secrete cytokines or antibodies, INCLUDES cellular and humoral immune defence
Adaptive Defences
Attacks specific pathogens, is the 3rd line of defence and includes the cellular and humoral immune response. Actions are performed by lymphocytes and macrophages that store memories of foreign particles
T Cells
Site of Differentiation: Thymus
Primary Functions: creates
cellular immune
response which T Cells interact directly w antigens to destroy them
Primary Locations: Lymphatic tissues
Origin: Red Bone Marrow
B Cells
Site of Differentiation: Red Bone Marrow
Primary Locations: Lymphatic Tissues
Origin: Red Bone Marrow
Primary Functions: Creates
humoral immune
response where B cells indirectly produce antibodies to destroy antigens
Practical Classification of Immunity
Naturally acquired ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Exposure to live pathogens results in stimulation of immune response w symptoms of disease
Artificially acquired ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Exposure to a vaccine containing components of pathogens
Naturally acquired PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Antibodies that are passed to baby during pregnancy or when a mother breastfeeds child
Artificially acquired PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Injection of antiserum or gamma globulins that create short term immunity with no immune response
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigens
Any large molecules that trigger an immune response that is directed at nonself molecules
Antibodies
5 major types:
IgG, IgA, IgM,IgE, IgD that have 3 methods of attack
Direct Attack
by agglutination, precipitation or neutralization of antigens that make antigens more vulnerable to phagocytosis
Activation of Complemen
t becomes opsonization, chemotaxis, inflammation, agulation, neutralization, alteration or lysis
Inflammation
helps prevent spread
Infectious Diseases
Tetanus
DES:
Bacterial infection causing muscle spasms; possible death /
CAUSES:
spores of clostridium tetani bacterium, direct transfer, foreign body in open wound /
SYMPTOMS:
fever, high BP, stiff muscles /
TREATMENT:
meds, supportive care, tetanus vaccine
Toxoplasmosis
DES:
Infection by single celled parasite that goes unactivated for long period /
CAUSES:
contact w cat feces, eating untreated food, mother to baby during pregnancy /
SYMPTOMS:
asymptomatic, swollen lymph, headaches /
TREATMENT:
Antiparasitic meds, antibodies folinic acid
Varicella
DES:
Highly contagious disease caused by vzv /
CAUSES:
contact w infected, infants high risk, poor immune system /
SYMPTOMS:
Inflammation of brain, dehydration, itchy rash /
TREATMENT:
Acetaminophen, calamine lotion, antiviral meds
Tuberculosis
DES:
Bacterial infection within lungs /
CAUSES:
Mycobacterium, airborne, not extremely contagious /
SYMPTOMS:
coughing blood, chest pains, weight loss /
TREATMENT:
Isomerized, Rifampin, Rifabutin
Polio
DES:
Disabling & life threatening disease caused by polio virus /
CAUSES:
poor hand washing, behind on vaccines, meningitis /
SYMPTOMS:
25/100 will have flu like symptoms, mostly asymptomatic/
TREATMENT:
NO CURE, therapy can help, OPV vaccine
Meningitis Meningococcal
DES:
Inflammation of protective membranes of brain & spinal cord /
CAUSES:
Bacterial fungi, respiratory droplets, prolonged contact/
SYMPTOMS:
stiff neck, high fever, vomiting /
TREATMENT:
Lumbar puncture, penicillin, cefinone
Pertussis
DES:
Respiratory infection due to bacteria /
CAUSES:
Bordetella pentvissis, death, brain damage /
SYMPTOMS:
coughing fit, wheezing, fever /
TREATMENT:
meds, humidifier, small meals & lots of fluids
Hand-Foot & Mouth Disease
DES:
Viral infection /
CAUSES:
common in young children, contact w infected, airborne /
SYMPTOMS:
damage heart, muscles, rash, headaches/
TREATMENT:
Oral anesthetic, aspirin, acctamipten
Rubella
DES:
Contagious disease caused by virus /
CAUSES:
person-to-person, subclinical /
SYMPTOMS:
low grade fever, pink eye, swollen lymph nodes /
TREATMENT:
no cure, symptoms are just managed
Hepatitis B
DES:
Contagious liver infection /
CAUSES:
contact w infected blood, sharing needles, sex with hvb positive partner /
SYMPTOMS:
Fatigue, loss of appetite, jaundice /
TREATMENT:
Antiviral drugs, avoid alcohol, healthy diet
Measles
DES:
childhood infection caused by virus/
CAUSES:
enveloped RNA virus, contact w infected, possible death /
SYMPTOMS:
High fever, coryza, red water eyes/
TREATMENT:
no cure, tylenol, drink fluids
Small Pox
DES:
Infection caused by variola virus /
CAUSES:
skin to skin contact, scabs/fluid in patient sores, only in humans /
SYMPTOMS:
Early rash, blisters, muscle pain /
TREATMENT:
Antiviral drugs, cleaning wounds, small pox vaccine
Malaria
DES:
Mosquito borrow disease caused by parasite, /
CAUSES:
Parasite, Bite from female mosquito, transfusion of blood /
SYMPTOMS:
Fever, Pallor, Fatigue/
TREATMENT:
Prescription drugs, chloroquine, Doxycycline
Cholera
DES:
INfection due to vibrio cholerae /
CAUSES:
consuming contaminated food/water, human feces, loss of slats/fluids /
SYMPTOMS:
Vomiting, low urine, sunken eyes /
TREATMENT:
rehydration therapy, antibiotics, zinc treatments
Haemophilus Influenzae Type b
DES:
Severe bacterial infection /
CAUSES:
Those w sickle cell disease, respiratory droplets, hemophilia /
SYMPTOMS:
Weak joints, blood stream infection, seizures /
TREATMENT:
breathing support, prevent w HiB vaccines, antibiotics
Pinworm Infection
DES:
Parasitic worm living in anal cavity /
CAUSES:
fecal matter in nails, consuming pinworm eggs /
SYMPTOMS:
Anal itching, vagitis(women), loss of appetite /
TREATMENT:
Medicine, Albendazole, Pyrantel Pamoate
Pathogens
Disease causing agents can be bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoans