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Immune System - Dayanara Torres - Coggle Diagram
Immune System - Dayanara Torres
Major Functions of the Lymphatic & Immune Systems
The Lymphatic system works as a 2nd circulatory system. The Lymphatic vessels collect & carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces & eventually to the blood Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes which help defend the body against disease
Lymphatic Organs Locations & Functions
Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria, & parasite cells that enter a lymph node
Macrophages engulf & destroy foreign particles, debris, & damaged cells
Lymph Nodes are located in groups/chains along lymphatic vessels and they filter lymph, & do immune surveillance,
Lymphatic pathways start as lymphatic capillaries that merge to form a larger vessel & then to lymphatic trunks & then empty into veins in thoracic cavity
Spleen lies in the upper left abdominal cavity & is the largest lymphatic organ, it's similar to a large lymph node except it contains blood & not lymph. The spleen filters blood & removes damaged blood cells & bacteria
Purpose & Examples of 1st, 2nd, & 3rd Line Of Defense
2nd line consist of natural killers, fevers, inflammation, phagocytes, & chemical barriers.
3rd line consist of cellular & humoral immune responses
1st line of defense is mechanical barriers (skin & mucous membrane)
Innate (Natural) Immune Defenses & Adaptive (Acquired) Immune Defenses
Innate
Nonspecific defenses that guard against many types of pathogens (quick-responses) includes species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytes & fever.
Adaptive
Specific defense that respond against only a specific type of pathogen (slow-responses) and accomplished by specialized lymphocytes which secrete cytokines or antibodies
Humoral response & Cellular Response
Humoral response is a B-cell becoming activated & producing a clone of cells when it encounters an antigen that matches its receptors & binding to it.
Cellular response is the response through cell-to-cell contact, as activated T-cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells.
Antigens & Antibodies
Antibodies have 5 major types that constitute the gamma goblin fraction of the plasma (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD)
Antigens can be any large molecules that can trigger an immune response. Before birth the body makes an inventory of "self" antigens which makes immune responses direct against "non-self" molecules.
Artificial vs. Naturally Acquired Immunity
Artificial immunity occurs through the use of vaccines, without the person becoming I'll from the disease; since vaccines contain weakened/dead pathogens a person develops long-term immunity due to an immune response that includes memory B-cell formation
Naturally Acquired active Immunity occurs after exposure to the antigen; long-term resistance results due to the events of primary immune response
Passive vs. Active Immunity
Active Immunity is obtained by antigen exposure; an immune response occurs in the person which antibodies & memory B-cells are produced (long-lasting)
Passive immunity occurs as antibodies are passed from mom to fetus and has a lack of an immune response & lack of memory (short-term)
Cells Involved In Immune System & Their Functions
Natural Killer Cells are a small group of lymphocytes other than T & B-cells that defend the body against viruses & cancer cells by secreting cytolytic substances called perforins.
T-cells come in different types. Helper T-cells stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies against displayed antigen. Cytotoxic T-cells monitor the body's cells, recognizing & laminating cancer cells & virus infected cells
B-cells can differentiate into plasma cells that produce & secrete antibodies. Others can become memory B-cells that remain dormant at the time but respond to future encounters with antigen.
Disorders Associated with Immune System
Hepatitis B is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus
Tuberculosis is a bacteria infection that spreads throughout the lungs
Varicella is a contagious disease caused by varicella/zoster virus
Toxoplasmosis is a single-celled parasite that persist unactivated
Tetanus is a bacterial infection that causes muscle spasms & lead to death
Polio is an infectious disease that targets young children
Rubella is a contagious viral infection caused by RUV
Pertussis is an infection caused by bacteria
Meningitis is inflammation of protective membranes
Hand Foot & Mouth disease is a mild contagious virus infection in young children
Cholera is an infection caused by eating contaminated food & water
Hemophiliacs influence B (HIB) is a severe bacterial infection
Small pox is a serious infection caused by variola virus
Malaria is a mosquito bone virus
Meableb is a childhood infection caused by a virus
A pineworm infection is parasitic worms that live in the anal cavity