Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
PHONO I REVISION unnamed (5), These patterns appear when phrasal verbs are…
PHONO I REVISION
Place of articulation
Bilabial
/p b m/
Labiodental
/f v/
Dental
/θ, ð/
Alveolar
/t, d, n, l , s, z/
Post-alveolar
/r/
Palato-alveolar
/ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/
Palatal
/j/
Velar
/k, g, ŋ/
1 more item...
Manner of articulation
Plosives
(closing, compression, release) /p b k t d g/
Fricatives
(/f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h/)
Approximant
/r/
Semi-vowels
/w j/
Affricates
/tʃ dʒ/
Nasal
/m n ŋ/
Lateral
/l/
VOICED: LENIS // UNVOICED: FORTIS
These patterns appear when
phrasal verbs are said in isolation or when the phrasal verb is the last piece of new information in the predicate
: She's LOOKing at it. He RAN aWAY with it.
If a content word comes after main verb, then that word is strongly stressed and the vb and particle are lightly stressed
. He TRIED ON a COAT.
DIPHTHONGS
Sounds which consist of a glide from one vowel sound to another within one syllable.
Articulatorily classification
CLOSING
CENTRING
glides toward centring tongue position
ending in /ə/
glides toward closer tongue position
ending in /i/ or /u/
Auditorily classification
FALLING
RISING
second element is more prominent than first
All diphthongs are falling, but /ɪə/ and /ʊə/ can be rising in unstressed syllables.
experience /ɪk ˈspɪər i‿əns/
most of the lenght and stress is associated with the first element
all of them
In diphthongs the first element is prominent and the three weak vowels of the second are not /ə ʊ ɪ/
QUANTITY
Fully long
Less long
Clipped
Closed by fortis sound: mate
Closed by lenis sound: made
In open syllable: may
TRIPHTHONGS
Consists of a glide from one vowel to another and then to a third. It's basically a diphthong with schwa at the end.
player, fire, employer, tower, lower
SMOOTHING or LEVELING
Closing diphthongs may be followed by /ə/ or /ɪ/ as part of the word as in fire; as a suffix as in player, or at word boundary as in 'play a trick'. To reduce articulatory effort, native speakers omit or
weaken the second element and lengthen the first
. This is called smoothing/levelling.
/ˈple:ə/ /fa:ə/ /ɪmˈplɔ:ə/ /ta:ə/ /l3:ə/
[eɪ], [ɔɪ], [aɪ], [əʊ], [aʊ] (closing) [eə], [ɪə], [ʊə] (centring)
CONSONANT SYLLABICITY
Syllables feature
ONSET
t
NUCLEUS
e
Sounds which perform this function (vowels) are
SYLLABIC
and can give consonants this characteristic
/ə/ + /n/ or /l/ in the same syllable may merge so that schwa dissapears
/n/ may become syllabic
p b k t g d (plosives) or f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h (fricative) or tʃ dʒ (affricate) + nucleus, coda
listen /'lɪsn̩/
more than one consonant BUT a nasal + sequence
golden /ˈɡəʊldn̩/
sequence in pre-nuclear position (before stressed syllable)
condense /kŋˈdens/
symbol below ŋ is missing
/l/ may become syllabic
any consonant except w r j (approximants) + onset, nucleus, coda
handle /ˈhændɫ̩/
CODA
n
Consonants are non-syllabic, but they can be made syllabic by syllabic consonant formation.
Syllabic consonants are represented like n̩
/ə/ transfers its ability of syllable nucleus to the following consonant.
DESYLLABICITY
syllabic nasal or lateral + morpheme starting with weak vowel (like ing)
consonant may become the onset of following syllable
listening /ˈlɪsn̩ɪŋ/ WRONG /ˈlɪsnɪŋ/ RIGHT
SIGNIFICANT /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/
1) syllabicitiy: /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkn̩t/
2) progressive assimilation of place: /sɪɡˈnɪfkŋt/
STRESS is the degree of force with which a sound or syllable is uttered.
It can be studied from two povs:
Production (articulatory pov)
Depends on the speaker using more muscular energy than used for unstressed syllables.
Perception (auditory pov)
They are noticed as stressed because they are more prominent than unstressed syllables.
FACTORS
Loudness
Length
Pitch
Quality
it's always relative
STRESSED syllables
pronounced with a greater degree of force than neighboring sounds
UNSTRESSED syllables
pronounced with a relatively small degree of force
TWO DIFFERENT TYPES
LEXICAL (or WORD STRESS)
Stress pattern of words when they are said in isolation.
Primary: /'peipə/
Secondary (features lightly stressed syllable): /prə,nʌnsi'eɪʃn/ /ək,sentʃu'eɪʃn/
RYTHMICAL (or SENTENCE STRESS)
Stress pattern of syllables within sentences.
Not all syllables that are supposed to be stressed retain it in connected speech.
SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES
higher pitch
prominence on stressed syllable
NO schwa or a weak vowel /i/ or /u/
more duration
louder
PLACEMENT
Is the word a compound or morphologically simple or complex as a result of affixes? How many syllables?
Affixation
PREFIXES
Strongly stressed on 1st syllable of the base/root
/əˈwɔːd/ /səˈpraɪz/ /prəˈpəʊzəl/ /kəmˈpleɪnt/, /ʌnˈhelθi/, /əˈsliːp/, /ɪnˈkredəbəl/, /dɪˈkleə/ /ɪkˈspleɪn/
a- (əˈtɜːni), be- (bɪˈheɪv), for- (fəˈbeɪd), with- (wɪðˈhəʊld) are always unstressed
Others receive light stress like /ʌnˈduː/ or /aʊtˈduː/
Others receive secondary stress in the first syllable: /ˌəʊvəˈlʊk/ or /ˌʌndəˈstænd/
SUFFIXES
either
Have no effect on the stress pattern
ˈtʃaɪldhʊd ˈɡraʊndləs ˈfrendʃɪp ˈtʃɪəfəl ˈθretn ˈbeɪkə
Receive strong stress
French origin
1 more item...
Cause a shift of stress
ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ into ˌædvənˈteɪdʒəs / ˈfəʊtəʊ into fəˈtɒɡrəfi / ˈprɒvɜːb into prəˈvɜːbiəl / ˈklaɪmət into klaɪˈmætɪk / ˈɪndʒə into ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs / ˈedjʊkeɪt into ˌedjʊˈkeɪʃən
1 more item...
Which category does it belong to? Noun, verb, adjective, adverb.
Grammatical function in utterance
Historical origin of word.
Germanic
Fist syllable of base form is stressed /ˈfɑːðə/ /ˈsɪstə/ /ˈjeləʊ/
a-, be-, for-, fore-, mis-, out-, un-, under-, up-, with-
FOREarm, OUTlook, UNderwear, UPkeep
PREFIX + BASE as NOUN = stress in first syllable
OUTlook
PREFIX + BASE as VERB = stress after prefix
outLOOK
Numbers
'twenti ˈθɜːti ˈfɔːti (cardinal and ordinal forms)
Stressed on the first syllable
-teens
Stress first as in THIRteen or THIRteenth
Primary stress on second as in ,thirTEENth
hyphenated numbers
Stress first as in TWENty-,three
Stress second as in ,twentyTHREE
Compounds
NOUNS
primary stress on first part
NOUN+NOUN
/ˈeəpɔːt/ /ˈstɔːriˌtelə/ /ˈnjuːsˌpeɪpə/
Afternoon Tea
material + element it's made of
,cotton'wool
3 more items...
NOUN + -ING
/'bɜːd ˌwɒtʃɪŋ/
-ING + NOUN
2 more items...
primary stress on second
ADJECTIVES
primary on first part
Compound adj. as one word
/ˈtrʌstˌwɜːði/ BUT /ˌhændˈmeɪd/
NOUN + -ING
/'taɪm kənˌsjuːmɪŋ/
NOUN + PAST PARTICIPLE
/'helθ riˈleɪtɪd/
primary on second (more common)
NOUN + ADJ
fat-free /fæt 'fri:/
ADJ + NOUN
long-term /ˌlɒŋ 'tɜːm/ full-length /ˌfʊl 'leŋθ/
ADJ/ADV + PAST PARTICIPLE
fully-grown /ˌfʊli 'ɡrəʊn/
ADJ/ADV + -ING
hard-working /ˌhɑːd ˈwɜːkɪŋ/
SELF- FIRST
self-confident /ˌself ˈkɒnfɪdənt/
Abbreviations
Primary stress on last letter
,E'U ,U'K ,BB'C ,DN'A ,YMC'A
Reflexives
Complete predictability because self/selves always receives main stress
/maɪˈself/ /jɔːˈself/ /ɪmˈself/
Phrasal verbs
with prepositions
LOOK at, TALK about, LOOK OUT for, TALK OUT of, apPROVE of
VB has at least one stressed syllable and the following element is unstressed
lexically single-stressed with primary stress on verb. MAY I LOOK at them?
Except for preps. with more than one syllable: Is there 'anyone you want to me to ,look 'after?
with adverbial particles
GET aCROSS/aHEAD/along/away, GO beHIND/down/over, RUN aWAY with, TALK DOWN to.
VB has at least one stressed syllable and the following element is stressed too
lexically double-stressed with primary stress on the particle. HOW are you getting ON? HOW much did she take IN?
CONSONANT ELISION
'I don't know' for 'I duno' , /ˈkæmrə/ for camera, and 'fish 'n' chips' are all examples of elision.
Deletion of a phoneme.
Applies to /t/ and /d/
(alveolar plosives)
at the coda
of the syllable (end). Also in tʃ /lʌnʃ/ and dʒ /streɪnʒ/.
Medially in
a sequence of
three consonants
.
Previous consonant must
coincide in voicing
.
Next word
must begin with a consonant
other than /h/.
At word boundary or within word.
/ˈɡrænˌpeərənt/ /'bes θɪŋ/ /neks deɪ/ /lɑːs wi:k/ /dʒəs səʊ/ /stæn klɪə/ /ˈstjuːdn̩s/ /ˈlænˌleɪdi/ /ˈhæmbæɡ/ /ˈpɜːfɪkli/
Cannot happen in -nt -lt endings because there is no coincidence in voicing. E.g.: consult with, count them, felt bad, built near.
CAN happen in negative contractions that aren't followed by a pause.
they are kind of
sandwiched
between two other consonants
OTHERS
Elision of /θ/
in months: /mʌns/
Elision of /k/
in -skt: /ɑːst/ & in ŋks: /lɪŋks/ to /lɪŋk/
Elision of /p/
in -mps and -mpt: /dʒʌmpt/ to /dʒʌmp/
Elision of /h/
in unstressed syllables: /tel ɪm/
Cannot take place if ending carries grammatical meaning.
No reduction where /l/ or /n/ would come together.
VOWEL ELISION
Reduction in # of syllables.
WITHIN WORD
Consonant + /ə/ /ɪ/ + /l/ /r/ + weak vowel
History: /ˈhɪstri/
Must be preceded by a consonant that isn't /r/
Must be followed by /n/, /r/ or /l/
Two unstressed syllables separated by /r l n/
hɪˈstɒrɪklli ˈkeəfli 'i:zli ˈjuːʒli
Words with unstressed -ar- -er- -or- -our- -ur- get elided before another unstressed syllable
ˈsekəndri ˈkæmrə ˈkætəɡri ˈfeɪvrət 'nætʃrəl
WORD BOUNDARY
Consonant + /ə/ + /r/ (linking) + weak vowel
There are: /ðrə/
For example: /fr ɪɡˈzɑːmpəl/
ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS
Different realizations of the same phoneme.
ASPIRATION
The voiceless interval between the release of a plosive and the voicing of the following vowel. Conventionally expressed with an ʰ.
/p t k/ when initial and preceding a vowel sound
in an accented syllable
/pʰen/ /tʰæn/ /kʰæt/
NO aspiration if found in an s cluster (spend, stand, sky).
DEVOICING
When /w r l j/ (whirly) follow /p t k/, there's devoicing of the first.
p ̥l i:s p ̥rei t ̥rai k ̥li:n t ̥wais k ̥wik t ̥jun
/p t k/ plus silence or pause equals devoicing too.
Voiced consonants before a pause or a voiceless consonant.
fren ̥z // wit ̥h postural // hæv ̥pɔː
Voiced consonants after a pause
// ̥ðr ɪz
DENTALIZATION
̪
/t d n/ + /θ ð/
ən̪ ðeɪ
DARK
l
Before a consonant, before silence or pause, when in syllabic function, before /w/
ˈfiːɫ wɪð̥
ˈiːkwəɫ ˈsteɪtəs
fiːɫ raɪt
ˈpʰiːpɫ̩
SEQUENCE OF PLOSIVES
When /p b k t d g/ are consecutive, either within word or at word boundary.
Good boy /ˈgʊd ̚ bɔɪ/ Bad girl /bæg ̚ gɜːl/ District /ˈdɪstrɪk ̚ t/ Everybody /ˈevrɪb ̚di/ Red meat /reb ̚ mi:t/
ENGLISH IS A STRESS TIMED LANGUAGE
YOU ME HIM HER
YOU
and
ME
and
HIM
and
HER
YOU
and then
ME
and then
HIM
and then
HER
YOU
and then it's
ME
and then it's
HIM
and then it's
HER
The time taken to speak each utterance depends on the number of stresses and not on the number of syllables.
influence /ˈɪntf lu‿əns/
ASSIMILATION
Process by which sounds become more similar to one another. One of the sounds takes characteristics from the other.
Regressive
(or anticipatory) of place of articulation
A⭠B
instability of final alveolars
:recycle: /t d n/ = /p b m/ :recycle:
that pen to thap pen, that boy to thap boy, that man to thap man
/t/ into /k/
that cup to thak kup, that girl to thak girl, hot cakes to hok cakes
/d/ to /b/
good pen to goob pen, good boy to goob boy, good man to goob man
/d/ to /k/ /g/
good concert to good konsert, good girl to goog girl
/n/ to /m/
2 more items...
Features of one sound are anticipated in the articulation of the preceding sound.
Voice assimilation
/v/ to /f/ if following sound is voiceless /t/ or /k/
/z/ to /s/ if following sound is voiceless
/ˈnjuːzˌpeɪpə/ to /ˈnjuːsˌpeɪpə/
have to - haf to; ov course - of course
Progressive
(or perseverative) of place of articulation
A→B
:check: has to be followed by a consonant :check: syllabic consonant has to be at the end of utterance followed by pause or silence
HAPPEN /ˈhæpən/
1) syllabicity: /ˈhæpn̩/
2) progressive assimilation of place: /ˈhæpm/
ORGAN /ˈɔːɡən/
1) syllabicity: /ˈɔːɡn̩/
2) paop: /ˈɔːɡŋ/
One sound influences the following.
/n/ + /p-b/ = /m/ :recycle: /n/ + /k-g/ = ŋ
COALESCENCE
It's a type of reciprocal assimilation where the first sound and the second in a sequence come together and mutually condition the creation of a third sound with features from both original sounds.
Sound A + Sound B = Sound C
/t d s z/ + /j/
wɒ
tʃ
u: 'wɒnt
wʊ
dʒ
u:
ɪŋ keɪ
ʃ
u: 'ni:d ɪt
hæ
ʒ
ɔː 'letə kʌm
ˈtrævlɪŋ ˈfedrəl ˈkaʊnslə ˈfebruri ˈnæʃnəl ˈkʌmpni ˈriːznəbəl ˈkʌmftəbl pˈliːs
