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FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE, image, image, image, image, image,…
FROM THE MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN AGE
Society and the feudal economy
Modern Age was a time of change and new inventions
Modern Age also period after Middle Ages
From the 15th to the 18th centuries
There was a certain continuity
Some things stayed the same as in medieval period
Became fewer as the Modern Age became more established
Social groups were divided according to privileges
Three estates of the realm
Clergy
Common people
Nobles
Power and position depended on the powerful privileged estates
Nobles and clergy played a particular role in society
Nobles
Considered manual labour under them
Did not pay taxes to the king
Most important members of nobility were lords of feudal manors
Collected taxes form the inhabitants and administered justice
Clergy
Social and spiritual function of looking after the sould of people
Continued enjoying privileges
Collecting tithes for their own benefit
Administering justice
High-born members of the clergy
Bishops
High-born members of the clergy
Monarch and their kingdoms
Political system was organised in the same way as society
Power was very fragmented
Political and social conflict
Armed conflicts between nobles
Violence between groups of citizens
Rebellions against monarch and feudal lords...
This was common
Institutions such as estate courts and parliaments
Continue to exist where the monarch and the privileged groups
And also their kingdoms
Cities
Monarchs grantes cities privileges
Collective taxes, enjoying monopolies and administering justice
Enjoyed the main type of collective privileges
City council was in charge of exercising these privileges
They were restricted to its richest members
Monarchies of the 16th century
Most Europeans lived in kingdoms
England
France
Portugal
Some kingdoms joined together under the same ruler
Create composite monarchies
Disputed between monarch
Basis traits of a new era
Religious changes
Time of intolerance with great persecution of Jews and Muslims
Also wars between Christians due to the emergence
Political changes
System of privileges and institutions
The estate courts and parliaments
They didn't disappear
Monarchies gained power
Royal courts became more powerful
Also more people from the nobility, clergy and burgeoisie
Were involved in government
Cultural changes
New cultural movements, Humanism
Culture reached more people, thanks to the printing press
Europeans also discovered and explored continent
Artistic styles appeared, Renaissance and architecture
Bourgeoisie
Third state became more divers and complex
As urban growth
Social changes acquired influence, wealth, also salaries
Also demographic recovery after the drop in population,14th
Economic changes
Agriculture and livestock farming the main economic activities
Geographical exploration and discovery increased and
intensified
They use the money in some areas of Western Europe
Craft, trade and financial activities experienced a huge boom
Factors behind geographical discovery
Were several factors in Europe in the 15th-16th centuries
Konwn for the geographical discoveries
Factors
Political and religious factors
A religious rivalry with Islam, was reinforced by the Ottomans
Conflict particularly noticeable in the Iberian kingdoms
Demographic factors
It was a demographic stagnation of the Late Middle Ages
After that, the population went through a period growth
Sociological factors
Spirit of Renaissance inspired people to discover and explore
Books The Travels of Marco Polo for example as inspiration
Scientific and technical factors
Geographers started to believe that the world, round and not flat
Portugal and prester John
Was popular in European chronicles and tradition
From the 12th to the 17th centuries
Legend said Prester John was a Christian kingdom
Reigned in Asia or Africa
The myth was the reflection of Christian groups that still exist
During 15th century, Portugal sent several expeditions to Africa
Try to contact Prester John
Advances made in navigation with new ships
Economic factors
Europeans needed gold and silver to produce coins
Also depended on products from the East
For example silk and spices
Byzantium was taken by the Ottoman Turks (1453)
