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Lymphatic/ Immune System by Miabella Aguilar & Period. 5 - Coggle…
Lymphatic/ Immune System by Miabella Aguilar & Period. 5
10: Disorders associated with the Immune system:
Tuberculosis:
Bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs caused by microscopic viruses.
Causes/risks:
caused by bacteria mycobacterium and elderly people have a higher risk of getting it
Symptoms:
bad cough, chest pain, and weight loss
Varicella:
A highly contagious disease caused by varicella
Causes/risks:
causes shingles, 90% are contagious, and close contact
Symptoms:
rash, itchiness, and fever
Treatment:
medication, vaccine,and oat meal bath
Toxoplasmosis:
a single celled parasite called toxoplasma gondii
Cause/risks:
caused by pathogens toxoplasmosis gondii and infected cat feces
Symptoms:
fever, swollen lymph nodes, and headache
Treatment:
pyrimethamine, trimethoprime, and sulfadiazine
Cholera:
infection caused by eat food or drinking water contaminated
causes/risks:
it spreads by ingesting contaminated food and water
Symptoms:
vomiting, leg cramps, and dry mouth
treatment:
warmed aromatic drink and rehydration therapy
Tetanus:
bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms
Cause/risks:
caused by spores of clostrriulum tetmibacterium and clostridium tetani
Symptoms:
fever, high blood pressure, and sweting
Treatment:
supportive care, medication, and medical procedure
Haemophilus:
sever bacterial infection
Causes/risks:*
close member who might have it, hemophilia, and respiratory droplets
Symptoms:
weaken joints, pneumonia, and seizures
Treatment:
breathing support, medication, and admission to a hospital
Pinworm infection;
parasitic worms that live in the anal cavity of an infected person.
Causes/risk factors:
not washing hands and swallowing pinworm eggs
Symptoms:
anal itching, difficultly sleeping, and weight loss
Treatment:
over the counter medication, mebendzole, and albendazole
Small pox:
Serious infection caused by the variola virus
Causes/risks:
pathogens variola virus and spreads relatively slowly
Symptoms:
Early rash, blisters, and vomitting
Treatment:
antiviral drugs, historical; cleansing wounds, and small pox vaccine
Polio:
disabling and life-threatening disease caused by poliovirus
Causes/risk factors:
poor hand washing, not receiving vaccines, meningitis, and paralysis
Symptoms:
won't have symptoms, but some may experience flu-like symptoms
Treatment:
No known cure or specific treatment
Hepatitis B:
a liver infection caused by hepatitis B virus
Causes/risks:
Hep B virus, exposure to infected body fluids, and it spreads through blood, semen, etc...
Symptoms:
fever, fatigue, and loss of appetite
treatment:
vaccine, medication and measure ATL
Rebella:
Is a contagious disease caused by a virus
Causes/risk favor:
person to person, subclinical, and contagious
Symptoms:
a low-grade fever, runny nose, and cough
Treatments:
no known treatment but symptoms are mild
Hand foot and mouth disease:
A mild contagious infection
Causes/risks:
it causes nose secretions and is caused by shared needles are sexual intercourse
Symptoms:
fever, sore throat, and loss of appetite
Treatment:
over the counter medication, avoid orange juice, and allow blisters to dry out
Malaria:
mosquito borne disease
Causes/risks:
caused by a parasite, plasmodium parasite, and sharing infected needles
Symptoms:
fever, chills, and headache
Treatment:
IV, comatose parents a haragartric tube, and atovaquone progunuli
Pertussis:
A respiratory infection that is caused by bacteria.
Causes/Risk factors:
caused by bacteria, bordetella pertussis, and can cause death-brain damage
Symptoms:
Coughing, wheezing, fever, and apnea
Treatment options:
medication, antibiotics, and humidifer
Meningitis:
an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.
Causes/Risk factors:
bacteria & fungi bacteria, and weaken immune system
Symptoms:
fever, headache, and light rush
Treatments:
No specific treatment, and several drugs but can still be fatal
*Measles:
A childhood infection used by a virus
Causes/risks:
coughing, sneezing, and evolved RNA virus
Symptoms:
high fever, cough, and runny nose
Treatment:
no medication, antibiotics, and drink lots of fluids
8. Passive vs. Active Humoral immunity:
Active humoral immunity:
occurs when the cells encounter antigen and produce specific antibodies against them
two types of active humoral immunity
Naturally acquired:
formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired:
formed in response to the vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Passsive humoral immunity:
occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
the sellers are not challenged by antigen; immunological memory does not occur
protection ends when antibodies degrade
types of passive humoral immunity
Naturally acquired:
antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired:
injected of serum such as gamma globulin
2. Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions:
Lymphoid Organs:
provide structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytotic cells and lymphocytes.
structures include
spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, other lymphoid tissues
Major Organs:
Lymph Node:
principal secondary lymphoid organs of the body, most are embedded deep in connective tissue in clusters along some lymphatic vessels, and some are nearer to body surface in inguinal, axillary, and cervical region of body we're collecting vessels converge into trunk.
Functions
Cleansing the lymph: acts as lymph "filter"
Immune System activation: offer a place for a lymphocytes to become activated and mount an attack against antigens
Red Bone Marrow:
located in bone
Functions
-major haemopoietic tissue producing all elements of blood including red blood cells white blood cells and thrombocytes
MALT:
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. Consists of
tonsils, peyers patches, and appendix
Tonsils:
simplest lymphoid organ, forming ring of a lymphatic tissue around pharynx appears as swelling of mucosa
Function
-risky to learn bacteria into tissues, but allow immune cells to become activated and build memory cells against these potential pathogens
Peyers Patches:
clusters of lymphoid follicles in walls of distal portion of small intestine
Functions
Destroys bacteria, preventing them from branching intestinal walls
Generates memory lymphocytes
Appendix:
offshoot of first part of large intestine
Function
Destroys bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
Generates memory lymphocytes
Spleen:
plane is blood rich organ about size of fist, located in left side of abdominal wall, just below stomach
Functions
-site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
-cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets
Thymus:
bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck
Functions
-most active in largest in size during childhood
-stops growing during adolescence then gradually atrophies
-still produces immunocompetent cells though more slowly
9. Cells involved in the immune system and their functions:
Plasma cells:
antibody producing machine; produces huge number of antibodies and an effector B cell
Antibodies:
antibodies mark antigens for destruction by phagocytosis or other means
Antigens:
substance capable of provoking an immune response. Typically a large, complex molecule not normally present in the body
Macrophages:
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
B cells:
lymphocyte that met matures in bone marrow. It's Progeny form plasma cells and memory cells
Dendritic cells:
Capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes; also help activate T cells
T cells:
Helper T cells:
activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages; direct active immune response
Cytotoxic T cells:
capable of destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
Regulatory T cells:
some helper T cells become regulatory T cells which moderate immune response
1. Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems:
Lymphatic System:
returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood
Lymph:
do it in vessels vessel
Lymph Nodes:
cleanse lymph
Lymphatic Vessels:
elaborate network of drainage vessels
Immune System:
provides resistance to disease and protects the body from harmful bacteria and cells
5. Humoral response and cellular response:
Humoral Immunity:
antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluid
bind temporarily to target sell
-mark for destruction
Humoral Response:
When B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response
-antibodies specific from that particular antigen and then produced
Cellular Immunity:
lymphocytes act against target cell
-directly by killing infected cells
-indirectly by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
Cellular Immune Response:
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
T cells directly kill cells; elders release chemicals that regulate immune response
T cells are more complex than bee cells both in classification and function
Two populations of T cells:
-
CD4 cells:
usually become helper T cells that can activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages; direct adaptive immune response
-
CD8 cells:
become cytotoxic T cells that are capable of destroying sells harboring for antigens
7. Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity:
Active humoral immunity - Natural & Artificially acquired immunity
Naturally acquired:
formed in response to actual bacteria or viral infection
Artifically acquired:
formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive humoral immunity - Natural & Artificially acquired immunity
Naturally acquired:
antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artifically acquired:
injection of serum such as gamma globulin - protection immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body
3. Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense:
Second Line of Defense; Cells and Chemical:
in the system necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues; includes:
- Phagocytes: blood cells that in just in digest or invaders
- Natural killer cells:
nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
- Inflammatory response:
is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
- Antimicrobial proteins
- Fever
Third Line of Defense:
third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances (take longer to react an innate)
immune system is a functional system rather than organ system
innate and adaptive defenses are intertwined
First Line of Defense:
surface barriers
are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions
physical barriers to most micro organisms
keratin is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins
mucosae provide similar mechanical barriers - do you know mucous membrane produce productive chemicals that inhibit or destroy microorganisms
-
Acid:
acidity of skin and some mucus secretions inhibit growth; called acid mantle
-
Enzymes:
lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many micro organisms; enzymes in stomach kill many micro organisms
-
Mucin:
sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory track traps micro organisms
6. Antigens and antibodies:
Antigens:
substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
targets of all adaptive immune responses
most are large, complex molecules not normally found in the body
characteristics of antigens:
-can be a complete antigen or Hapten
-contain antigenic determinant
-can be a self antigen
Self Antigens:
all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusion or grafts
one set of important south proteins are a group of glycoproteins called MHC proteins
-coded by genes of major Histocompatibility complex and unique to each individual
-contain groove that can hold piece of self antigens or foreign antigen
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs):
engulf antigens and present fragments of antigens to T cells for recognition
do you not respond to specific antigens
Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
Three Major Types
Dendritic cells:
found in connective tissues and epididymis
-act as mobile sentinels of boundary tissues
Macrophages:
widely distributed in connective tissue and lymphoid organs
-present antigens to T cells which not only activates T cells, but also further activates macrophages
B cells:
-do not activate naïve T cells
-present antigens to helper T cells to assist their own activation
Antibodies:
also called immunoglobulins are proteins secreted by plasma cells
capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
grouped into one of lg classes
Basic antibody structure:
overall T or Y-shaped antibody monomer consist of for looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds
Four chains consist of:
-two identical heavy chains with hinge region at "middles"
-two identical light chains
various regions at one end of each arm combine to form two identical antigen binding sites
Antibody Classes
Five major classes:
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE
Antibody targets and functions
two bodies do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag then
-form antigen antibody complexes
defensive mechanisms used by antibodies
-Neutralization:
simplest but one of the most important defensive mechanisms
two bodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins
prevent antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells
antigen antibody complexes undergo phagocytosis
-Agglutination:
allows for antigen antibody complexes to become cross linked into large lattice like clumps
-process referred to as agglutination
-Precipitation:
soluble molecules across linked into complexes
complexes precipitate out of solution
precipitated complexes are easier for phagocytes to engulf
-Complement fixation:
main antibody defense against cellular antigens
when several antibodies are bound close together on same antigen, complement binding sites on their stem region are aligned
4. Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses:
Innate Immune Defense System:
consist of first and second lines of defense
First Line of Defense:
external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
Second Line of Defense:
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells (inhibit spread of invaders; inflammation most important mechanism)
Adaptive Immune Defense System:
third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances (take longer to react an innate)
immune system is a functional system rather than organ system
innate and adaptive defenses are intertwined
both released and organized many of the same defense molecules
innate defenses do you have a specific pathways for certain substance
innate response is released proteins that alter cells of adaptive Sister to for molecules