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criminology 2.2 - Coggle Diagram
criminology 2.2
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Reparation
aim
compensating the victim of the crime, usually by ordering to pay a sum of money or to make restitution I.e., by returning stolen property.
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Restorative justice: programmes to bring the offender and the victim together to discuss the event and for the defendant to make direct reparation.
However, require a lot of organisation and cooperation from both parties. Serious sexual and violent offences would not be able to use this as it would not be right to ask the victim to come face to face with the offender
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Deterrence
Aim:
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Putting potential offenders off committing a crime and defendants off re offending through fear of punishment
General deterrence
Stop others offending by showing how severe the consequences might be in the hope that no ones else commits the crime: CCTV, Harsher sentences for drug smugglers.
Relies on publicity so potential offenders are aware and is in direct conflict with retribution - sentencing for a longer term than deserved. Re guarded as least effective and least fair aim.
Individual deterrence
stopping the specific defendant from committing any further future offences. Suspended sentences prison sentences, heavy fines. naming of child sex offenders
Does not deter - about 55% of adult offenders re-offend within 2 years, over 70% of young offender re-offend within 2 years and assumes an offender will stop to think about consequences of their actions
Rehabilitation
Aim
Changing the behavior of the offender so they can be reintegrated into society - behavior hopefully altered by the penalty imposed so that they will not offend again in the future. Also aimed at lowering crime rate - less re-offending,
examples
Drug rehab, alcohol rehab, anger management or therapy. Also speed awareness courses. Each sentence = determined on an individual basis - depending on defendants specific needs at that time
Issues
Sentences passed can become inconsistent because all done individually e.g., thief stealing for drug habit vs thief stealing clothes may get different sentences - unfair. + in direct contrast to the aim of prison sentences which is punishment
incapacitation
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examples
prison sentences, driving bans for dangerous drivers, curfew orders, etc
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