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Plant Evolution - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Kidney shaped
      - Random orientation
    - - Dumbbell shape
      - Linear with epidermal cell
  - - - Water flows in (osmosis)
        
        Turgor pressure = pore opens
    - - Water flows out (osmosis)
        
        pore closes
    - - Cellulose bundled = closed
      - Cellulose dispersed = open
    - - Provides ATP for K+ pump
        
        K+ flows in to fill in charge
        
        Protons pumped out
        
        Blue light
    - - ABA water stress hormone for seed plants
      - Close stomata to prevent cavitation (air bubble in xylem)
      - Angiosperms respond to vapor pressure deficient
- - - - No specialized cells
        
        Depend on environment
      - Water storage from vacuoles
      - Lived in wet areas
    - - Earliest specialized cell
      - Apomorphic
      - Bryophytes
      - Can recover from cavitation (small plants)
      - No lignin
    - - Early tracheids
        
        No support
        
        Long and wide
        
        Lignified
      - True tracheids
        
        Lignified
        
        Ornamented walls (banded or pitted)
        
        Water and support
        
        narrow
        
        Torus-margo pit membrane
        
        prevents cavitation by stopping spread of air
      - Vessels elements (evolved from tracheids)
        
        Angiosperms only
        
        Homogenous pit membrane
        
        Wide, short
        
        Permits more fibers
        
        Lower cost
        
        great cavitation risk
        
        dead at maturity
  - - - gymnosperms
      - albuminous cells
      - Transport of photosynthate, hormones, electric signals
      - Lacks sieve plates
    - - Sieve plates (lots of pores)
      - Many become sieve tube
      - Alive
      - Few organelles
      - Companion cell
        
        nucleus
  - - - Root without pith
      - Stem with pith
    - - Root with pith
      - Stem without pith
  - - - xylem (wood)
      - phloem (inner bark)
      - ground tissue (rays)
      - Vascular cambium
        
        2 different directions of division
        
        periclinal division
        
        inner = xylem
        
        outer = phloem
        
        anticlinal division
        
        new vascular cambium
    - - water transport
    - - storage
      - can't transport water
    - - gymnosperms
      - tracheids only
    - - vessel elements (more fibers)
      - Angiosperms
- - - - ~390 mya
      - Middle Devonian
    - - Cooksonia sporophytes
      - ~425 mya Mid-Late Silurian
      - Stomata, conducting elements
    - - Trilete mark - from 4 daughter cells
      - Cryptospores - liverwort
    - - Tracheids - ~415mya
      - Devonian era (415-360mya)
      - Dominant sporophytes (no longer restricted to damp areas)
  - - - Most land plants sporophytes (not liverworts)
    - - Sporophyte inserted into haplonic cycle of algae
      - Zygote underwent mitosis and didn't immediately undergo meiosis (making sporophyte)
- - - - Embryo (2n)
        
        Seed (2n)
        
        Sporophyte (2n)
        
        Strobili
        
        Microsporangia (2n)
        
        microspores (n) (produced by meiosis)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Megasporangia (2n)
        
        Meiosis takes place to produce 1 megaspore (n) (other 3 reabsorbed)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Within ovulate cone
        
        protected by integuments
        
        Everything = ovule
  - - - Embyro (2n) in seed
        
        Sporophyte
        
        Carpel
        
        Ovule
        
        Two layers of integuments
        
        Megasporangium (2n)
        
        Megasporocyte
        
        One megaspore (3 reabsorbed)
        
        3 more items...
        
        undergoes meiosis
        
        Stamen (male) (2n)
        
        Microsporangium (2n) in anther
        
        Microspores (n)
        
        Pollen grains (n) (immature)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Meiosis takes place
- - - - Sporophyte (2n) located in archegoniphore (n)
        
        Meiosis takes place within sporangium (2n) ->
        
        producing spores (n)
        
        Spores undergo mitosis producing gametophytes (n)
        
        Female gametophyte
        
        Archegoniphore (n)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Male gametophyte
        
        Antheridiophore (n)
        
        2 more items...
  - - - Differences
        
        Sporophyte has a capsule
        
        Archegonial head produces egg
        
        Antherdial head produces sperm
- - - - Bifurcating sporophyte develops
        
        Terminal sporangium moved
        
        Allowed for more growth
        
        Bifurcating branching
        
        Equal (isotomous)
        
        Unequal (anisotomous)
        
        Indeterminacy developed
        
        Continuous growth
        
        Likely evolved after vascular tissue
        
        Vascular plant synapomorphy
- - - - Strobilius (2n)
        
        Sporangia (2n) (on sporophyll)
        
        Microsporangia (2n)
        
        Male spores/microspores (small)
        
        Microgametophyte (n)
        
        Sperm
        
        1 more item...
        
        Megasporangia (2n)
        
        Female spores/megaspores (only 4)
        
        Megagametophye (n)
        
        Splits open to reveal archegonia (egg inside)
        
        1 more item...
  - - - Gathering of sporangia (2n) (sori) underside of leaf
        
        spores (n)
        
        Gametophyte (n)
        
        Archegonium (n)
        
        Egg (n)
        
        Zygote/fertilization (water required)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Antheridium (n)
        
        Sperm (n)
        
        Can have covering (indusium)