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Sensation and Perception, -The sensation can be the same for everyone but…
Sensation and Perception
Sensation
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Samatosensation is how our body senses and feels things. Like the ability to feel touch and know where our body parts are without looking and sensing temperature and feeling pain. For examples the coldness of a table or softness of a bed or knowing when someones touching you.
Mechanoreceptors are special sensors in our bodys that feel and respond to different kinds of touch and pressure. Like the difference between a gentle touch or vibrations and these sensors are in our skin, muscle joints, and other parts of the body
The vestibular system is a sensory system in the inner ear that helps us balance, spatial orientation, and coordination of movements. It helps us keep posture and helps us be balanced. If theres something wrong with someones vestibular system then they can either get dizzy, vertigo, or have a hard time with coordination
Nociception is the physiological process when the body detects and responds to potentially harmful or damaging stimuli like pulling your hand away from a hot surface
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Vision
Binocular Disparity: Two eyes see things the same, but when they send the information to the visual cortex in the brain, they are perceived a bit differently
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-The sensation can be the same for everyone but the perception of the same stimulus can be different.
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I believe that music preference is influences by both sensation and perception because auditory sensation, emotional sensation, physiological sensations vs cognitive perception, personal experiences, and cultural and social perceptions. Both factors makes up peoples preferences
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-If you already tend to believe something about the world is true and if someone passed an imagine of what you believe in vs what you believe in your perceptions going to be stronger in what you believe in. We like to have things reflected in front of us that we believe.
-Confirmation bias contributes to the formation and maintenance of stereotypes. People may notice and remember information that confirms stereotypes they hold, while dismissing instances that challenge or contradict those stereotypes.
-Because of how different we all are we can walk away with a different perception even if we saw the same thing
-Perception trumps sensation
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-As a 20 year old Asian American female, I am reflecting and remember especially during the start of the COVID 19 pandemic the asian hate really took a toll on me. My cultural background as an Asian woman influences how I react to a news story. Cultural values, traditions, and societal norms have shaped my worldview and impacted how I perceive news. I also consider myself bisexual and so personal experiences like that can influence how I interpret news stories relating to gender issues and cultural representation.
-Sound waves enter the auditory canal after being funneled by the pinna then this vibrates the tympanic membrane then sound reaches the cochlea then the auditory hair cells convert the sound waves into electrical signals then these electric signals then go to the auditory cortex in the brain
-If everything about your hearing is going fine but if something happens to your cecelia then you won’t be able to hear even if the physical sound is being transmitted because the brain can’t interpret the physical sound waves
-Tactile or cutaneous: skin receptors or exteroceptors
-Located close to the skin
-Touch pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain
-Proprioception: Muscle and joint receptors located in tendons, muscles, and joints
-By knowing how far to extend a foot to climb a stair and your brain makes these connections really quickly by visually assessing things and you dont even see it as a decision but your body is naturally making that decision for you which happens from the kinesthetic senses
-Has a social significance. Positive touch such as hugs or holding hands can provide comfort and negative touch can create discomfort and distress
-How would no skin to skin contact between a baby and caregiver affect the baby?
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-Body accommodates to smells like for example a person who is in a dorm room doesn’t smell the room but once a person walks into the room they get a wift of a smell
-Taste buds will get the taste but the sense of smell is what gets you the flavor. With covid you lose sense of taste and smell
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-To taste properly you need to have good smell and when you lose your senses of smell you can’t taste as well.
-Chemicals from the environment (ordorants and tastants) bind to various receptor cells in order to have the signal converted to an electrical signal that the brain can understand
Sometimes physical trauma can destroy connections between olfactory receptors that send information to the brain which makes people unable to smell
-Types of taste are sweet, sour, bitter, and umami and the idea that there are taste zones is inaccurate
How do we see? First light enters the pupil then gets converted to electrical signals by rods and cones in the retina
Rods: photoreceptors that allow us night vision-- seeing in dim light
Cones: Allow us sharp and central vision, color vision
-I wonder why I wear contacts and my vision is worse than others? Are there any environmental factors that could have led to this or was it purely all genetics?
-Eyes hurt when moving from dark to light because the muscles around your pupil will contract which makes it smaller as to avoid being blinded by brightness and you are switching from rods to cones and it takes time to turn off a great number of the rods and to active the cones
-Reason why we cant see when moving from light to dark is because when moving into a dark environment, rods must become more activated and this process can take up to 30. minutes which explains why at first you may not be able to see in a movie theatre but after a few moments you begin to see objects around you more clearly
Trichromatic Theory: states that our cones can pick up 3 kind of colors: red, green, and blue. Opponent Process Theory: postulates that our cones respond to pairs of colors: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white
Absolute threshold VS. JND
(Absolute threshold is the smallest detectable level of stimulation for example: The absolute threshold for sound would be the lowest volume level that a person could detect)
The minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect correctly at least 50 percent of the time for example the smallest change in volume that a person could sense correctly at least 50% of the time
Signal detection studies:
-Allows us to assess things like:
-The absolute threshold of a sensory modality
-The differential threshold and the effects of sensory
-Adaptation (which is how we adapt to change).
-Also used for studies on decision making
-Learning about the body has been a fascinating part of learning psychology. It has broadened my understanding of the subject and has also made me reflect on how this information intertwines with myself and my own experiences and identity. I think its interesting when people say "the eyes are the window to the soul". I did not realize all the little intricate work my eyes do to process color and to perceive.
-Learning about confirmation bias made me realize that people are more likely to remember the times they were right rather than the times they were wrong. This makes me think that we all may be inherently focused on validating our own perspectives. A vivid instance where confirmation biases affected my perception was during a past relationship. Recognizing my anxious attachment style, I found myself overly concerned about my partner's actions. For example, if my partner was active on social media but not responding to me I would assume they didnt want to be with me anymore. This tendency to jump to conclusions and assume the worst shows how confirmation biases can impact personal relationships. I am trying to work on being more mindful and open-minded in my interactions and interpretations.