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Brianna Cabrera P.1 Lymphatic/Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Brianna Cabrera P.1 Lymphatic/Immune System
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
A second Circulatory system
Defends the body against infection
Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid from interstitial spaces, then return it to the blood
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymphatic nodes are located in groups throughout the lymphatic vessels (not found in the Central nervous system)
Axillary
Supratrochlear
Thoracic
Abdominal
Cervical
Pelvic
Inguinal regions
Main functions of Lymphatic Nodes
lymphocyte production
Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria and parasitic cells that
enter a lymph node
Immune Surveillance: Monitor body fluids, from lymphocytes and macrophages
Macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and
damaged cells
Filter lymph, remove bacteria, and cellular debris before
lymph is returned to the blood
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
Pathogen attempts to gain entrance into the body
First line of defense: Mechanical Barriers (skin and mucous membranes)
Pathogen enters body
Second line of defense
Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Natural killer cells
Fever
Chemical Barries (enzymes, pH, salt, interferons, complement)
Third line of defense
Cellular immune response
Humoral immune response
Innate(natural) immune defenses
Guard against many types of pathogens
Species resistance
A species is resistant to diseases that affect other species
A body temperature that does not provide the conditions required by the
pathogens
Presence or absence of receptors for a particular type of pathogen
Responds quickly
Mechanical barriers
unbroken skin and mucous membranes of the body
Includes hair, mucus, and sweat
Prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical
separation of pathogens and internal tissues
Mechanical barriers represent the body’s first line of defense
fever
Fever provides a hostile environment for pathogens that
reproduce best under normal human conditions
Elevated body temperature causes the liver and spleen to take
up iron reducing the amount in the blood, and keeping it from
fungi or bacteria, which need it for growth and metabolism
Occurs when body temperature is re-set to a higher set point
Phagocytic cells attack with greater vigor when the temperature
rises
Chemical barriers
Acidic environment provided by HCl in gastric juice is lethal to
some pathogens
Enzymes, such as pepsin in the stomach and lysozyme in tears,
destroy many pathogens
Chemicals that kill many pathogens
Interferons, hormone-like peptides secreted by lymphocytesand fibroblasts when viruses or tumor cells are present, blockviral replication and slow tumor growth
phagocytosis
Engulfment and digestion of pathogens, foreign particles, and
debris
Most active phagocytes are neutrophils and monocytes, which
leave bloodstream in areas of injury
Phagocytes are attracted to the injured area by chemotaxis
Neutrophils engulf smaller particles; monocytes attack larger ones
Monocytes give rise to macrophages outside the blood
Natural killer cells
Defend the body against viruses and cancer cells
Small group of lymphocytes, other than T cells and B cells
By secreting
cytolytic ubstances called perforins, which lyse (break apart)
cell membranes of pathogens
inflammation
stop the spread of pathogens
and infection
redness, swelling, heat, and pain
A tissue response to injury or infection
Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
respond more slowly
specialized lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines or antibodies
Respond against only a specific type of pathogen
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral response produces antigen-specific antibodies and is driven by B cells
Cellular immune response or cell-mediated immunity:response through cell-to-cell contact, as activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
Lymphocytes require activation before they can respond to
antigens