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CNS Tumours - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Brain
      - Neuromuscular
      - Dorsal Root ganglion
- - - - Diagnosis
      - Neurosurgical intervention
        B/x or resection
      - Follow up
    - - Pros
        
        Tissue characteristics
        
        Location and size
        
        Contrast enhancement
        
        Wide availability
      - Cons
        
        Does not reliably predict margin of infiltrating tumour
        
        May not reliably distinguish between tumour infiltration and oedema
  - - - Metastases look like their parent tumour
      - Immunohistolochemical signposts / markers
    - - Kinship (polymorphic markers)
      - THerapeutic targets
    - - Tumour Lineage specific proteins
        
        PSA/PSAP
        
        okt3
        
        TTF-1
        
        Thyroglobulin
      - Examination of proteins hint to primary tumour origin
- - - - Metastatic neoplasm
      - Primary, non-glial
      - Glial tumour
        
        Diffuse Glioma
        
        Low Grade
        
        Astrocytoma
        
        Oligodenroglioma
        
        Mixed glioma
        
        High Grade
        
        Non-Diffuse Glioma
        
        Other astrocytic tumour
        
        Ependymal tumour
        
        Other glioma
        
        Mixed neuronal-glial tumour
      - Non-neoplastic lesion
      - Normal Tissue
      - Assess histology
    - - Asses malignancy grade within a histological type
      - WHO grading
      - Benefits of Grading
        
        Comparison of pathology
        
        Comparison of survival
- - - - ↑Seizures
        ↓Headache
    - - Headache
      - Vomiting
  - - - Headache
        Vomiting
        Visual disturbances
        Rare: Epilepsy
- - - - Plexiform nerofibroma
        Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma
        AT/RT
  - - - Incidence
        
        Frequent
      - Cause
        
        Germline mutations of the NF1 gene (17q11)
      - Inheritance
        
        Autosomal dominant
      - PNS Tumours
        
        Neurofibromas
        
        Dermal
        
        Nodular
        
        Plexiform
        
        MPNST
        
        Malignant Triton tumour
      - CNS Tumours
        
        Optic nerve glioma (Pilocytic astrocytoma)
        
        Malignant astrocytic gliomas
      - Other Tumours
        
        Rhabdomyosarcoma
        
        Pheohromocytoma
        
        Juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia
        
        Carcinoids
      - Presentation
        
        Skin
        
        Cafe au lait spots
        
        Axillar / inguinal freckling
        
        Dermal neurofibroma
        
        Skeleton
        
        Scoliosis
        
        Pseudoarthritis
        
        Sphenoid wing dysplasia
        
        Macrocephaly
        
        Short stature
        
        Eye
        
        Lisch nodules (Iris hamartomas)
    - - Incidence
        
        Rare
      - Cause
        
        VHL germline mutations (3p25-26)
      - CNS tumours
        
        Cerebellar caillary hemangioblastoma
        
        Retnal capillary hemangioblastoma
      - Other Lesions
        
        Renal cell carcinoma
        
        Pheochromocytoma
        
        Endolymphatic sac tumour
        
        Cysts (kidney , pancreas)