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Diet related diseases and special diets - Coggle Diagram
Diet related diseases and special diets
Learning intentions
I will be able to…
identify common diet-related diseases and explain factors that contribute to these conditions
explore the specific dietary requirements for each dietary related condition
describe the most common types of vegetarianism and why some people choose to be vegetarian
apply this knowledge when preparing meals for people with special dietary requirements.
diet related diseases
Most diet-related diseases are linked to:
eating too much saturated fat (obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes)
eating too much salt (high blood pressure and strokes)
eating too much sugar (obesity and type 2 diabetes)
eating too little fibre (constipation, piles and bowel cancer)
drinking too much alcohol (obesity, heart disease, liver disease and type 2 diabetes)
leading a sedentary lifestyle (obesity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes)
genetics (heart disease, bowel cancer, type 1 diabetes).
cardiovascular disease
Too much saturated fat and trans fat can cause health problems and should be avoided.
Saturated fats contain cholesterol.
Cholesterol is needed to produce hormones, but too much cholesterol sticks to the artery walls forming plaque.
Plaque can build up and block or narrow arteries – called atherosclerosis.
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Approximately 10,000 people die each year from cardiovascular disease (CVD) - including coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and other circulatory diseases.
CVD most common cause of death in Ireland, accounting for 36% of all deaths. 22% of premature deaths (under age 65) are from CVD.
Risk of CVD can be reduced by 80% with good diet, exercise, avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases = diseases of the heart & blood vessels.
Coronary heart disease: atherosclerosis occurs in the arteries of the heart (coronary artery).
Heart attack: artery in the heart becomes blocked, the heart muscle becomes damaged – heart attack occurs.
Stroke: artery to the brain is blocked – may damage the brain.
Obesity
Obesity = being 20% or more above the normal weight for your height and build or having a body mass index (BMI) of over 30.
Excess body weight is the most significant nutritional issue of our time.
Almost 1 in 4 children in Ireland are currently carrying excess weight.
2 out of 3 adults are overweight or obese.
Obesity is estimated to cost Ireland around €1.64 billion every year.
According to the Healthy Ireland Survey 2017, 2% of Irish adults are underweight, 36% are normal weight, 39% are overweight and 23% are obese.
The figure for overweight adults has risen by 2% from the 2015 survey.
why do people become overweight or obese?
Overeating: calorie intake greater than output.
Lack of exercise: sedentary lifestyle with little or no exercise – don’t burn off calories eaten.
Poor nutritional knowledge: not learned about nutrition and make badly informed food choices.
Poor eating patterns: e.g. skipping breakfast, snacking on high-calorie foods and eating late at night.
Low income: cheap convenience foods high in fat and sugar.
Busy lifestyles: lead to over-reliance on convenience foods and takeaways.
Emotional reasons: some people comfort eat to deal with emotions e.g. depression, anxiety, boredom or stress.
Medical conditions: can cause weight gain e.g. underactive thyroid gland and polycystic ovaries. Some medications e.g. antidepressants can cause weight gain.
treatment for obesity
Maintain a balanced diet – follow the food pyramid.
Do not exclude any nutrient, reduce portion sizes instead.
Cut down energy intake – follow a low-calorie diet. Cut down empty calories e.g. sweets.
Increase daily exercise.
Eat regular meals. Plan meals to make healthy choices & avoid snacking on unhealthy foods.
Read food labels checking fat and sugar content.
Avoid convenience foods and takeaways.
Drink water
Choose low-fat and low-sugar alternatives, e.g. low-fat cheese, reduced-sugar yoghurts, sugar-free drinks. Use sugar substitutes as sweeteners.
Bake, boil, steam or grill foods instead of frying.
Heath issues related with being overweight or obese
Heart disease
High blood pressure
Stroke
Type 2 diabetes
Varicose veins
Gout (painful swelling of joints)
Low self esteem