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Route 3 Data - Coggle Diagram
Route 3 Data
3.1 Fundamental Characteristics of data
Data Types
Geospatial data
Represents elements and components that are found on earth's surface such as google maps, weather maps
Media data
Represented either visually or audio format, such as images, sounds and videos
Temporal data
Represents moment in time and shown with date or timestamp
Text data
Represented using characters. words and paragraphs
Logical data
Two states or choices, known as Boolean data, true or false, on or off or 1 or 0
Numeric data
Represented by a range of numbers, like integer, decimal, currency etc
Sources of data for organisations
Internal Data
Financial Data
Employee Data
Marketing data
Customer Data
Sales Data
Usage Data
External Sources
Government
Suppliers
Public
Competitors
Data Storage
Cloud storage
File Storage
Object storage
Block Storage
Methods of storing data on premises
Network Attached Storage (NAS)
Portable storage devices
Storage area networks
Hard Drives
SDD
HDD
File structures and formats
3.2 Fundamental functions of information systems and the application of data
Input
Saving/storage
Processing
Update
Remove
Analyse
Integrate
Output
Feedback loop
3.3 Concepts and tools of data modelling
Types
Physical data model
Describes how system will be implemented using (Database management system (DBMS)
Actual implementation of database
Technique: ERD
Hierarchical database model
Shows the database, structure on a hierchical (tree) structure
Show relationships between tables, records and fields
Technique: ERD
Logical data model
Defines how systems should be implemented
Develop rules and data structures, model expands conceptual modelling regardless of DBMS
Technique: ERD and Data dictionary
Relational model
Shows database as a collection of relationships
Shows relationships between tables, records and fields using primary and foreign keys
Techniques: ERD and Data dictionary
Conceptual data model
Defines what the system contains
Can be used to organise data: Scope, organise and defines rules and identifies data used
Technique: ERD
Techniques
Data dictionary
Contains information about data that will be included in database, contains metadata
Usually created as part of physical data modelling and include details about each entity and attributes
Contents of data dictionary will vary dependent on software package that is used to implement output of logical data modelling
ERD (Entity relationship diagrams)
Can be used during creation of data models and design relational databases
Three parts to ERD
Entities which becomes the tables
Columns which describes table and also called attributes which become fields in a database
Relationships which are how entities are linked.
Relationships
One-to-one 1:1
One-to-many 1:M, M:1
Many-to-many M:M
Data flow diagrams (DFDs)
Shows how data and information flow through a digital system
Rules to be followed:
At least one input or output for each external entity
Data only flows in one direction
Every data flow is labelled
Every data flow connects to at least one process
There is at least one input/output flow for each process
3.4 Concepts involved in data entry and maintenance
Assign common data types to screen input boxes
Text data
Boolean data
Numeric data
Reducing risk of data entry errors
Verfication
Entering data twice
Cross-checking
Validation
Check digit
Length check
Format check
Lookup table
Data maintenance
User
Digital system adminstrator
User group level
File level
User level
3.5 Characteristics of data formats and importance for analysis
Data formats
Directory-based structure
Relational database systems
File-based structure
Importance for analysis
3.6 Methods of presenting and visualising data and their suitability for application
Presenting data
Digital Slides
Webinars
Reports
Extended reality
VR
AR
Video and sound
Animation
Visualising data
Graphs and charts
Dashboards
Data tables
Infographics
Maps and heat maps
Suitability for application
Formal or informal
Formal communication
Informal communication
Meeting requirements
3.7 Applications of data within an organisation
Analysis
Identifying trends and patterns
Monitoring performance
Monitoring and monitoring software
Advantages
Most productive employees can be identified and rewarded by a promotion or pay rise
Delivery drivers can be tracked to ensure their safety and that of delivery vehicles and contracts
Employees can work flexible hours as monitoring can ensure all employees complete their required tasks
Disadvantages
Employees morale may reduce due to continual monitoring and lack of trust
Employee stress levels may increase which could lead to an increase in number of employees off sick
Employees can feel that they are not trusted and that monitoring is invasion of privacy
Reduced digital system performance
Forecasting
Uses techniques
Machine learning
Statistics
Data mining
AI
Marketing
Targeting customers and customer profiles
Direct marketing promotions
Operational mangement
3.8 Types of data access management
User access controls
Application programming interface (API)
Private certification
Only used internally within business, most secure
Partner certification
API is only available to trusted partners, secure as long as secured
Public certification
Least secure, API is available everyone
Uses of APIs
APIs and vulnerability
Can become insecure
A risk can lead to being a threat to everything the API interacts with
3.9 Types and application of access control methods
Role-based access control
Attribute-based access control
Resource/object attributes
Action attributes
Environmental attributes
User attributes
Discretionary access control
Mandatory access control