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THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN, image, image,…
THE RESTORATION AND THE GRADUAL MODERNISATION OF SPAIN
THE REIGN OF ALFONSO XII: STABILITY OF THE REGIME
Bourbon Restoration
Thay returned to the Spanish throne.
Alfonso XII was crowned
End to the First Republic
Restoration of the monarchical system
Two political elements made the regime stable
The Constitution of 1876
combined moderate elements
Suffrage
Governments were allowed to choose the system used
Until 1890
Censitary suffrage was in place
After
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Rights and freedoms
Rights declared in a slow process
Freedom of expression, association and assembly
Restricted
Parliament
Elected Congress and Senate.
3 categories:
by right
by royal appointment
elected
Religion
Catholicism
Other religions
Permitted
Public expressions
Prohibited
Sovereignty
Parliament and king
Turnismo
Cánovas del Castillo
2 main parties:
Conservatives
Cánovas del Castillo
A group of moderate politicians
Supported by the
Aristocracy
Wealthiest bourgeoisie
Traditional middle classes
Liberals
Sagasta
Inherited the ideology of the Sexenio Revolucionario
Supporters
members of the
Regionalist middle class
Progressive middle class
Other parties never governed
What did it consist in?
Electoral manipulation was used to win elections
The results were altered
This fraudulent practice had a negative impact on the regime.
It went into crisis at the end of the 19th century
because ordinary people and part of the middle classes were politically marginalised
THE REGENCY OF MARÍA CRISTINA: CRISIS OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
The problem of popular representation
Although universal manhood suffrage was introduced in 1890
There was still electoral fraud
The regional problem
Catalan nationalism
1901
Regionalist League of Cataluña
Catalan nationalists
wanted Cataluña to
be recognised as a nation
play an active role in Spanish politics
Basque nationalism
1894
Sabino Arana
Basque Nationalist Party
Basque nationalism had no Spanish dimension
Basque nationalists wanted Basque national sovereignty
The colonial problem
the last decades of the 19th century
Cuban wars
between
Cuban independence fighters
aided by the United States
Spain
Didn't want the island to become independent
due to the great commercial benefits they obtained from it
Lost the war
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Spain to US ceded
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Uprisings in the Philippines
These events became known as
the Disaster of 1898
REGENERATIONISM
Movement that sought to regenerate Spain’s socio-political situation
eliminating electoral fraud and promoting reform in the education system
Joaquín Costa
GRADUAL ECONOMIC MODERNISATION IN SPAIN
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES AND THEIR ECONOMIC REPERCUSSIONS
High death rates
wars
famines
epidemics of diseases
smallpox, measles, yellow fever, malaria and cholera
Life expectancy was very low
AGRICULTURAL CHANGES
There was still inequality of land ownership
CACIQUISMO
Caciques were large landowners
Economic power
Large social influence
They often had armed followers who intimidated the population.
They rigged elections through turnismo
So that the results were favourable to their interests.
FINANCIAL CHANGES
Financial institutions that could provide capital and loans to businesses required.
In 1865
The Banco de España was founded
Many credit associations were established.
the Spanish tax system was unfair
Penalising poorer people
THE LABOUR MOVEMENT
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE)
Pablo Iglesias
helped found the
General Union of Workers (UGT)
1888
Founded in Madrid 1879
Employment legislation:
Recognition of trade union rights
Compensation for victims of accidents in the workplace
Protective laws on child labour
