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transport/circulatory system - Coggle Diagram
transport/circulatory system
composition of blood
plasma (55%)
yellow liquid which carries dissolved substances like glucose
red blood cells (44%)
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
adaptations
contains heamogobin that absorb oxygen
large surface area
no nucleous
bioconcave (donut) shape
white blood cells (<1%)
lymphocytes
fight deseases
produce antibodies (proteins that alert other cells of the pathogenn or desease)
phagocytes
fight deseases
engulph pathogens
platelets (<1%)
help to clot blood when cut, stops blood from flowing out of the body
substances carried by blood
oxygen
from air to the lungs to cells in the body
transported by RBC
transported to cells so mitochondria can produce ATP for basic bodily functions
carbon dioxide
from cells to lungs so it can be exhaled
it is dissolved in the blood so it is transported by the blood to the lungs
Exhaled so the nody doesn't get intoxicated
nutrients from digested food
from small intsestine to cells
transported by plasma in blood
Nutrients are transported to the cell so the mitochondria can mix it with oxygen to create ATP
urea
from kidneys to urinary system
toxic waste product
carried by blood
hormones
from endorine glands to target tissue
multiple purposes, it causes a change to the tissue
transported by blood
heat energy
produced in cells and goes all over the body
keeps a warm body temperature
trannsported by blood
immune system
physical + chemical barrier
stop pathogens from getting in
skin acts as a physical barrier to stop pathogens
secretes oil and antimicrobal substances which kill pathogens
if pathogens can't get in through the skin they have to get in by holes
nose or mouth
noses have lots of hair and mucus to trap pathogens
If they pass the nose or mouth they need to pass through the
trachea and oesophagus
the traches, bronchus and bronchiole are all covered by a layer of mucus which traps particels
to stop acumulation of mucus the cells have cilia which moves the mucus to the stomach
our stomach produces hydrocloric acid to kill the pathogens
immune system
destroys pathogens in the body
If the pathogen passes through the physical and chemical barrier white blood cells try to stop the pathogen, it circulates through the body inside blood
white blood cells have 3 main functions
anti toxins
pathogens cause so much truble because they can make toxins (tiny poisons)
anti toxins bind and counteract these toxins
anti bodies (Lymphocytes)
small proteins that lock on antigens and create a signal to tell WBC to destroy them
each antibody is specific for a pathogen
phagocyotis
engulf (swallows) the pathogen
they do this by tracking the pathogen, binding to them and then engulfing them
antigens
proteins found on thesurface of a cell or pathogen
vaccines
vaccines introduce a part of a patogen so the body can adapt to the pathogen if it gets infected by the pathogen in the future
there are 4 types of vaccines
inactive vaccines
injects dead pathogen
subunit vaccine
only uses the antigens of the pathogen
live attenuated vaccine
injects very waek pathogen
DNA vaccine
gives genes to detect a pathogen
the heart
the heart organ is a double pump
oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left side of the heart and pumps it to the rest of the body
the right ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle as it needs to pump with more strength
deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right side of the heartand is pumped to the lungs
a muscle called septum separates both parts
Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins and away from the heart in arteries
th coronary arteries provide the heart with the blood and oxygen it needs
there are valves to prevent backflow
parts of the heart
atrioventricular valve
the flaps between the ventricle and the aorta (or pulonary artery). When the ventricle contracts, the valve opens, causing blood to rush into the pulmonary artery. When the vantricle relaxes, the valve closes, preventing the backflow of blood from the pulmonary artery to the right atrium
pulmonary vein
the blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
right ventricle
the right lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery
pulmonary artery
the blood vessel that carries oxygen-poorblood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
semi-lunar valve
the flaps between the atrium and the ventricle. It is composed of 3 leaf like parts and prevents the back-flow of blood from the ventricle to the atrium
left atrium
the left upper chamber of the heart. It recieves oxygen rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein
right atrium
the right upper chamber of the heart. It recieves oxygen poor blood from the body through the vena cava
left ventricle
the left lower chamber of the heart. It pumps the blood through the aotric valve into the aorta
vena cava
a large vein that carries oxygen-poor blood to the right atrium from the body
aorta
the biggest and largest artery in the body. It carries oxygen-rich blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the body
septum
the muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart
biscupid valve
the valve that separates the atrium and the ventricle
coronary arteries
As all the muscle tissues in the body the heart needs oxygen and glucose and needs to get rid of carbon dioxide, the coronary arteries supply the heart with the necessary blood to mantain the hart functioning
coronary heart desease (CHD)
this happens when layers of fatty material build up inside the coronary arteries
If a coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by these fatty deposits, it loses its elasticity and cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through every time the heart contracts. This results on a reduced quantity of blood being carried to the heart meaning it has a lack of oxygen and glucose
types of blockage
partial
Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina
complete
Complete blockage means cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire aerobically, leading to a heart attack
causes of CHD
high colesterol
smoking
obesity
high blood preassure
https://cdn.savemyexams.com/cdn-cgi/image/f=auto,width=1920/https://cdn.savemyexams.com/uploads/2020/01/Structure-of-the-heart.png
the pathway of blood through the heart
Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows through the vena cava and into the right atrium
2.The atrium contracts and the blood is forced through the tricuspid (semilunar valve) valve into the right ventricle
3.The ventricle contracts and the blood is pushed through the atrioventicular valve into the pulmonary artery
The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where gas exchange takes place
1.Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary vein to the left atrium
2.The atrium contracts and forces the blood through the esmilunar valve into the left ventricle
3.The ventricle contracts and the blood is forced through the atrioventricular valve and out through the aorta
heart change during exercise and influence of addrenaline
heart rate is measured by beats per minute
The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells located in the right atrium called the pacemaker
the pacemakerhas the role to coordinate the muscle contractions in the heart
other things that can affect the heart rate are hormones like adrenaline
Production of the hormone adrenaline increases heart rate as part of a 'fight or flight' response
During exercise, the cells of the muscles respire more rapidly in order to provide energy for muscle contraction
if there is a lack of oxygen the respiration might become anaerobic
this means that there is a greater need for oxygen and glucose so the heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen and glucose
types of blood vessels
veins
thin walls
large lumen (hollow opening or space inside a blood vessel)
carry deoxygenated blood
contain valves to stop backflow
carry blood at low pressure towards the heart
blood flows at a low speed
adaptations
large lumen reduces resistance to mantain low pressure
valves prevent backflow
https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zc22y4j/large
capillaries
walls that are 1 cell thick
have leaky walls
carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
speed of blood flow is slow
carry blood at low pressure
adaptations
1 thick cell walls so substances can easely diffuse through them
The ‘leaky’ walls allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells
from heart to lungs
arteries
carry blood at high pressure away from the heart
carry oxygenated blood
thick muscular walls that contain elastic fibers
narrow lumen (hollow opening or space inside a blood vessel)
blood flows at a high [speed]
adaptations
narrow lumen that mantains high pressure
muscular walls with elastic fiber to mantain high pressure
from heart to all over the body
Arterioles and venules
As arteries get further away from the heart, they divide more and get narrower
The narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called arterioles
Veins also get narrower the further away they are from the heart
The narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called venules