increased duration and/or intensity, increased spectral emphasis in the mid and high frequency regions relative to non-prominent words (Beckman 1986; Beckman & Edwards 1994; Cambier-Langeveld & Turk 1999; Cole, Kim, Choi, & Hasegawa-Johnson, 2007; Kochanski, Grabe, Coleman & Rosner, 2005; Sluijter & van Heuven 1996; Tamburini 2005; Turk & White 1999)