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Behaviorism, Constructivism, Cognitivism - Coggle Diagram
Behaviorism
Leading/Seminal Authors
John Watson (Jarvis, 2003)
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BF Skinner (Jarvis, 2003)
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Central Concepts
observable behaviors from environmental stimulus encourages reinforcement (Jarvis, 2003)
Learner is reactive to environment conditions (Jarvis, 2003)
Involuntary response associated with stimulus (Jarvis, 2003)
Repetition of desired actions leads to change in learning (Jarvis, 2003
Reward when performance is met, Consequence when performance is not met (Jarvis, 2003)
Suggested Technologies
Programmed/Automated texting features (Bower, 2017)
Search Engines (Ally, 2004)
Textbook Instructional Software (Bower, 2017)
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Assessment Strategies
Question/Answer Assessment Framework (Ally, 2004)
Performance Based Assessment (Ally, 2004)
Assessment Scaffolds based on difficulty (Chen, 2011)
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Constructivism
Central Concepts
Learners are active in role, and construct understanding based on experience (Ally, 2004).
Assimilation and accommodation of cognitive structures in order to make sense of the environment (Bower, 2017).
The reality of learner is shaped by their experiences; intrinsic motivation, variety of perspectives and engaging in more active knowledge construction (Bower, 2017).
The role of a teacher is to create conditions for students to discover principles on their own; conversations, challenging misconceptions, experimentation, seeking elaboration (Bower, 2017).
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Assessment Strategies
Assessment that involves real-world problem solving so learners can engage in application of ideas to problems (Ertmer, 2013).
Assessing knowledge linked to a context that is authentic to the learner experience (Ertmer, 2013).
Assessment that allows multiple perspectives; ie. social situation, Socratic seminar. Allows for students to articulate and reflect on their own processes (Ertmer, 2013).
Group projects that encourage collaboration and building on one another's thought processes (Altuna, 2015).
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Suggested Technologies
Wikipedia: People combine their knowledge to produce an online encyclopedia; includes a talk page where people initiate discussion to negotiate meaning (Bower, 2017).
Blogs: documentation of progress and collaborating to share critical reasoning abilities (Altuna, 2015).
Social Networking: (not educational) facilitates discussion, sharing resources (Bower, 2017).
Leading Authors
- Jean Piaget (Jarvis, 2003)
- Jerome Bruner (Jarvis, 2003)
- NElson Goodman (Jarvis, 2003)
- Lev Vygotsky (Jarvis, 2003)
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Cognitivism
Central Concepts
Learning as an internal process that involves memory, thinking, reflection, abstraction, motivation, and metacognition (Ally, 2004)
Learners are actively involved and are the center of instruction, with the instructor playing an advising and facilitating role (Ally, 2004)
Allows educators to utilize and understand brain function when designing lessons (Bower, 2017)
Key processes in cognitivism: Attention, selection, Retrieval, Comprehension, Synthesis, Memorization, abstraction (Bower, 2017).
Information processing view, learner uses different types of memory during learning (Ally, 2004)
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Suggested Technologies
Examples include online games that incorporate problem-based learning, puzzles, and flashcards that activate prior knowledge (Ertmer, 2013)
Tech that includes advance organizers to activate existing cognitive structure or to provide the information to incorporate the details of the lesson (Ally, 2004)
Tech must include allocation of sensory systems to register information properly (color and graphics, pacing, mode of delivery) (Ally, 2004)
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Assessment Strategies
Actively working with material and prerequisite questions before instruction and assessment (Ally,2004)
Difficulty level should match cognitive level of the learner (Ally, 2004)
Retrieval of existing information from long term memory to help make sense of new information (Ally, 2004)
Leading/Seminal Authors
Edward Chase Tolman (Yilmaz, 2011)
Jean Piaget (Yilmaz, 2011)
Lev Vygotsky (Yilmaz, 2011)
Jerome Bruner (Yilmaz, 2011)
Laurence Kohlberg (Jarvis, 2003)
James Fowler (Jarvis, 2003)
Jack Mezirow (Jarvis, 2003)