Temperature:
Enzyme activity is influenced by temperature, with an optimum range typically near the organism's physiological temperature, around 37°C for humans. At low temperatures, such as 0-10°C, enzyme activity decreases due to reduced kinetic energy, while at high temperatures, around 40-50°C and above, enzymes denature, losing their catalytic function. Within the optimal range, enzymes exhibit maximum activity as their three-dimensional structure remains stable, facilitating efficient substrate binding and conversion to products. Thus, temperature serves as a critical determinant of enzyme performance, with deviations from the optimum adversely affecting their functionality.