Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

56: Historic relations between Ireland & GB. Sean O'Casey & J.…

- - - - different society to Eng (no R Emp.). No central govt, economy largely based on cows & dairy farming (vs arable in Eng).
  - - - Normans built castles & est Eng law BUT otherwise adopted many customs of the Irish - they became more Irish than the Irish themselves - cultural assimilation. Lots of Intermarriage.
        
        1171
        
        Henry II came with large army to takecontrol
        
        Partly to avert any chance of Ireland becoming a rival Norman state.
        
        Took control of imp. towns (Dublin, Wexford, Cork) & 2) exacted submission from Irish kings. (who were able to remain as Kings (outside Kingdom of Leinster) IF they paid tribute to Henry.
        
        BUT Henry II broke promise & named son John as King of Ireland. Real start of Eng asserting control
- - - - Statutes of Kilkenny = forbade marriage between English settlers & Irish natives & prohibiting settlers from using Irish language/adopting Irish dress / other customs
- - - - Under Edward VI (1547-53), Dublin authorities tried to enforce Protestantism, but got no support except from English officials.
        
        'Banning' of Cath had failed - only succeeded in causing resentment in Ireland vs Protestantism.
  - - - Pope Pius V declared Elizabeth a heretic in 1570 papal bull - her authority to rule was denied.
        
        Led to 2nd Desmond Rebellion in 1579 - assisted by papal troops
        
        Crisis point came when Eng authorities tried to extend authority over Ulster & Earl of Tyrone - most powerful lord in Ireland. Led to ‘9 yrs war’ / Tyrone’s rebellion.
        
        Started as war for regional autonomy but became war for control of Ireland. Power of Crown came close to collapse.
        
        War ended 1603. Authority of Crown gradually re-established during rule of James 1st
  - - - Tensions
        
        1) failed rebellion in 1530s - Kildare's schemed with Yorkist pretenders to Eng throne, 2) Kildare rebellion as title of Lord Deputy awarded to rivals & 3) Kildares (Catholics) disagreed with Prot. reformation happening under Henry VIII & offered control of Ireland to both Pope & Charles V (HRE).
        
        Henry VII determined to restore authority
        
        Crown of Ireland Act 1542
        
        1) H VIII made King of Ireland
        
        2) Confiscation & colonisation (plantation) of lands with British settlers
        
        3) Imposed Eng law & lang
        
        4) Banned Catholicism, dissolving monasteries & making Protestantism = state religion.
        
        5) ‘Surrender & regrant’ - all lords to officially surrender lands to Crown & to 'receive them back' in return by Royal Charter. Aim: assimilate Gaelic & Gaelicised U/Cs & ensure their loyalty
- - - - Ulster Catholics killed 4000 settlers & expelled approx 8000 more.
        
        Some atrocities eg Portadown (still commemorated today)
        
        Rebellion brutally put down by Eng and Scottish armies in Irish Confederate Wars.
        
        BUT 1st Eng Civil War 1642 distracted Eng
        
        A Irish Catholic confederacy was formed at Kilkenny in 1642. Period of self-government.
    - - When 1st & 2nd civil wars had concluded & Charles I executed 1649 the new Lord Protectorate Oliver Cromwell turned attention to Ireland
        
        Had long thought Caths were barbarous wretches AND enraged by alliance of Irish Confederate Catholics & English royalists = threat
        
        OC led a brutal campaign to re-establish Brit rule
        
        Many atrocities eg Drogheda 1649 - massacred approx 4000 inhabitants of town after breaking through siege.
        
        Cromwell passed 1652 Act of Settlement - penalties inc death & land confiscation - obvs to rebels but even to bystanders who did not specifically fight for Cromwell.
  - - - V popular in Ireland for religious tolerance & promise of eventual right to self-determination.
        
        Tensions in Eng grew. Then Eng aristocrats invited James’s Prot daughter Mary & Dutch husband William of Orange to usurp the throne in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. Last successful invasion of Eng!
        
        James fled to France & William & Mary made joint monarchs of England & Ireland
        
        Cue Jacobite Risings - 1 was in Ireland - culminating in Battle of the Boyne 1670
        
        Major encounter in James's attempt to regain throne. For supporters (most Caths): war was for Irish sovereignty, religious tolerance, & land ownership
        
        For Williamites in Ireland war was about maintaining Protestant rule
        
        Jacobites defeated 1690 & Prot ascendency secured.
        
        BoftheB remains controversial - celebrated on 12th July in Northern Ireland as ‘great victory over Caths’
  - - - Result: their lands in Ulster were confiscated.
        
        Led to Plantation of Ulster, huge amount of ppl (esp from northern Eng & Scotland) moved to Ulster, supplanting Irish residents. V different cultures
        
        JAMES - saw Gaels as barbarous & rebellious - to be wiped out!
        
        Plantation of Ulster:
        
        Sowed seeds for future tensions eg N Ireland not joining Republic, ensuing civil war, later the Troubles...
        
        Before plantation, Ulster had been most Gaelic province - least anglicised & most independent
        
        New (English) landowners banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import Eng speaking, Prot. workers
- - - - 1) Banishment Act 1697 - expelled all bishops and many priests from Ireland
      - 2) 1704 Popery Act - Caths couldn’t buy land or leave their land to a single heir - forced to divide it between all children.
        
        Aim: reduce Cath power. Result: led to tiny plots of land. Soon only 5% land owned by Caths.
      - 3) Disenfranchising Act 1728 - Caths formally disenfranchised
    - - In response to failed rebellion in 1798 - by Society of United Irishmen. Ireland incorporated into UK. Abolition of the Irish parliament.
        
        Was envisaged to end problems, plan was to accompany it with emancipation BUT there was a crucial delay which alienated Caths. Act would be bitterly fought over for next 120 yrs.
  - - - Aim: Cath emancipation . 1 of 1st mass-membership pol movts in Europe. Labouring poor joined in 100s1000s.
        
        1828 O'Connell elected in C Clare (even though couldn't take seat)
        
        Lots of sympathy in Eng press. Govt pressurised into passing Catholic emancipation Act of 1829 - Caths could be in Parl.
        
        Next O Connell then started campaigning to repeal Acts of Union. HUGE rallies (1m +!)- some of biggest political events Europe has ever seen
        
        Step too far - jailed. Soon died, movt disintegrated BUT inspired new gen. of radical nationalists
  - - - 1845 blight (probs from US). 1/3 crop failed. Hunger. Crisis, but not catastrophe.
        
        1846 - 3/4s failed. First deaths recorded
        
        1847 - even worse. Widespread famine & starvation.
        
        CONSEQUENCES
        
        1m died, 1.5m emigrated.
        
        Permanently changed demographic, pol & cul landscape & caused a C-long population decline.
        
        1 more item...
  - - - 1) Young Ireland Independence Movt (1840s) intellectuals - advocated study of history and revival of Gaelic. Many went on to join the IRB.
        
        2)Fenianism Umbrella term for Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) & (in US) the Fenian Brotherhood. 2 principals: natural right to ind & need for armed revolution**
        
        In US - lead failed invasion into British Canada. In UK: 1st acts of terrorism on UK soil - London 1880s
        
        3) Home Rule League
        
        Est 1873. Led by Charles Steward Parnell (Irish MP serving in Britain) & an ex Fenian who had served time in British jails.
        
        4) Land League. Not strictly nationalist group but v connected. Agitated for tenant's rights - ‘the ‘Land Wars’
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Finally passed 1914 but delayed- WW1.
        
        Self govt whilst still being part of UK repulsed radicals who wanted a republic.
        
        AND repulsed the Prots in north! (Home rule=Rome rule). Mobilised into Ulster Volunteers - founded to block domestic self govt
        
        In response, nationalists & republicans set up Irish Volunteers
        
        1916- Irish Volunteers & IRB led Easter Rising. Britain crushed it & executed leaders → martyrs & generated huge sympathy
- - - - Born as John Casey 1880. Protestant lower m/c (Dublin), died 1964 (Devon)
        
        Youngest of 13, 5 survived. Father died when 6 - family fell into poverty
        
        3 years of school, educated himself by reading. Started work at 14 (manual labour)
        
        Inspired by Irish national cause, changed name to Irish form & learned Gaelic.
        Joined Gaelic League in 1906
        
        Joined Irish Citizen Army (paramilitary arm of unions) but became disillusioned with m/c leadership. Turned to drama.
  - - - 4 winners of Nobel Prize for Lit: William Butler Yeats (/jeɪts/), Bernard Shaw, Samuel Beckett & Seamus Heaney Oscar Wilde also v famous
  - - - Born Augustine Aloysius, 1882 Dublin - died 1941 Zürich
        
        Eldest of 10 to survive infancy
        
        Educated at Jesuit boarding school “the Eton of Ireland”.
        
        Father’s alcohol problem meant family sank into poverty
        
        Studied langs at University College, Dublin. Scraped a pass
        
        Tried various occupations, inc teaching.
        
        1 more item...
    - - Published Dubliners (1914). Semi autobiographical, drew on his experiences growing up in Ireland & struggles with Catholic faith
        
        A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man - published in 1916. Rewrite of a previous novel Stephen Hero.
        
        Ulysses - published in Paris 1922. Already well known due to censorship troubles & was instant hit.
        
        1939 published Finnegan's Wake (17 yrs writing it!) - disappointed by lukewarm reception. Challenging work: unique style, inc. JJ invented his own lang & grammar!
        
        Explores various events happening in Dublin on ONE day=16th June 1904. Most famous date in literature!
        
        Mainly follows actions of Stephen Dedalus & Leopold Bloom. They give opinions on MOLLY Bloom - but reader doesn't hear from M herself until last chapter - hard to form opinion of her. When they finally hear from her, forced to revaluate previous opinion. SoC used a lot.
- - - - Some Anglo-Irish had ↑ sympathies e.g. Jonathan Swift, satirically criticised severity of Penal Laws in “A Modest Proposal” - suggested Irish should breed children for consumption & leather.
        
        Also Lawrence Sterne (Tristram Shandy) & Edmund Burke who said: Penal Laws oppressive & caused impoverishment & degradation of Irish
- - - - In the wake of Irish rebellion, Scottish invasion, Black Death & general lack of interest from London the territories controlled by lords Beyond the Pale achieved high degree of independence - English influence v limited.
- - - - 1847 - govt abandoned noninterference, realising failed, implemented "indoor" relief (workhouses) & "outdoor" relief (soup kitchens).Local landlords bore cost - led to mass evictions to evade responsibility
        
        British govt spent £7m on relief 1845 - 1850, - less than 00.5 GDP for that time. Contrast - £20m to slave owners 1833
        
        Summary reaction: breath-taking indifference & calamitous mismanagement Blight was Europe wide but only famine = Ireland
- - - - Guerilla warfare between IRA (created 1919 as successor to Irish Volunteers) & Black & Tans, who carried out arbitrary reprisals against civilians, (esp repubs).
        
        Condoned by Brit govt as way of scaring ppl into rejecting IRA
        
        BUT cruelty alienated public opinion in Ireland AND GB. Irish↑ support of IRA & British pressed for peaceful resolution.
        
        1921 Anglo-Irish treaty signed by Lloyd George (GB) & Arthur Griffith, Michael Collins + others from Republican Cabinet
        
        6 counties in Northeast would remain in UK (with home rule) - rest= Irish Free State (though still part of Empire - dominion status in c/w).
    - - Many opposed treaty (eg entailed oath of allegianceto crown- led to bloody Irish Civil War 1922-23. Eventually won by those who favoured the treaty.
        
        1937 - changed name to Ireland & 1949 broke away from C/W to form the Irish Republic.
- - - - Main strength of the book lies in its depth of character portrayal and its breadth of humour.