Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - based on 4 main principles: Respect, Competence, Integrity, Responsibility
    - - Before people agree to participate in research they should be informed of: purpose + procedure; potential benefits; potential risks; right to decline participation + withdraw at any time; confidential and if not how privacy will be safeguarded; If individual can't give informed consent e.g. children it's gained from parent/guardian; must be gained before participants take part of the research
    - - Occurs when participants are mislead about research e.g. not told the true aims of the study; violates principle of informed consent; argued that it may be necessary at times + to be too open about the research would ruin it; has to be agreed to be necessary by a research committee;
    - - research should not make people feel stigmatised/ question themselves in negative way; distress can be caused by procedure/ subject matter; important that they're reviewed closely + pp should be aware of what is involved if research is sensitive; no research should cause physical/ mental harm to pp; sensitive topics need to be researched- means every precaution should be taken to reduce impacts on pp;
    - - info should be kept private + stored securely; confidentiality should be in place so pp can't be identified- allows to be anonymous; if anonymity can't be achieved other steps should be taken to try maintain privacy- use pseudonym
    - - once pp took part in research they are given debrief; can involve: explaining background of research, ensuring research didn't cause harm, providing true aims of study if deception necessary; main aim of debrief is to make sure the pp is returned to same state they were before research;
- - - - Matched pairs- match each participant with close partner based on age/ sex/ social class and then separate the two in the separate conditions;
        
        +participant variables reduced BUT nor removed completely- difficult to match exactly;
        +no order effects;
        -time consuming+ expensive;
        -more participants are needed;
      - -order effects- more chance practice effects, fatigue;
        -more chance for demand characteristics;
        +less chance participant variables impacting;
        +less participants needed;
- - - - Participant variables/ effects (characteristics of those taking part);
        Situational variables/ effects (environmental factors affecting the result);
        Experimenter effects (cues given by experimenter affecting results);
        
        Single bling- participants unaware of aim so they don't change how they perform;
        Double blind- both researcher+ participant don't know aim of study;
    - - Strengths:
        -Reliability is high as lab experiments use standardised procedures with strict control over extraneous variables and all participants receive the exact same instructions in the same conditions. This means the study can be easily replicated to test for consistency in the findings.
        -Lab experiments are high in internal validity due to the strict level of control over extraneous variables and operationalisation of the IV and precise measurement of the DV. This means we can be confident that any change in the DV is due to the manipulation of IV and a cause and effect relationship can be established.
        -Lab experiments are objective reducing experimenter bias as they tend to gather quantitative data (e.g. number of words recalled from a list). This allows for the results to be analysed with little interpretation, reducing bias and increasing validity of conclusions found.
        
        Weaknesses:
        -Lab experiments lack ecological validity. Lab experiments take place in controlled and artificial environments, such as conducting brain scan to measure brain activity. Therefore we are unable to generalise the results to explain behaviour in real world setting.
        -Lab experiments tend to have high demand characteristics, participants may be able to guess the aims of the study due to the experimenter being present and the unnatural setting, such as specialised equipment. Therefore participants may alter their behaviour according to what they think they researchers desires, lowering validity of the data collected.
        -Lab experiments have low mundane realism, participants are typically asked to carry out artificial tasks such as remembering a list of 15 words from a list. Therefore we are unable to generalise the results to explain every day behaviour, lowering external validity.
        -Lab experiments risk using bias samples, participants are usually gathered using volunteer sampling and are therefore more motivated. Therefore is unrepresentative and reducing generalisability to the wider population.
      - Field experiments: conducted in everyday life of participant but experimenter still manipulates variables but in a real life setting can't control extraneous variables-
        more likely to reflect real life due to setting;
        less likely to produce demand characteristics;
        less control over variables making replication more difficult and ability to establish cause and effect is reduced;
        
        Strengths:
        -Reliability is high as field experiments use standardised procedures and all participants receive the same conditions. This means the study can be easily replicated to test for consistency in the results.
        -Demand characteristics are less likely to occur in field experiments as it is in a natural environment, typical of a setting familiar to them. This means participants would be less likely to guess they aim of the study. As a result their behaviour is likely to be more natural, increasing the validity of the findings.
        
        Weaknesses:
        -Lack of standardisation ,the lack of control over extraneous variables, such as situational variables can reduces reliability as the study can not be replicated in the exact same way to test for consistency.
        -Field experiments can be unethical , participants may not be aware they are taking part in the research (e.g. a research observing people in a park). Therefore they will not have given informed consent to take part, which also means they are unable to withdraw.