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Infectious diseases, doubt - has a 1? - Coggle Diagram

- - - - that can cause disability or discomfort or impairs the health of a living organism
    - - malfunctioning of either the entire body or a part of the body with specific symptoms
  - - - congenital diseases
        
        kind that exists fm time of birth
        
        coz of genetic factors
        
        eg haemophylia, sickle cell anaemia,
      - acquired diseases
        
        person acquires over lifespan after birth
        
        coz of contaminated air, water, food, certain causative agent - vectors
        
        2
        
        communicable/ infectious/ transmissible
        
        always caused by pathogens
        
        bacteria, virus, fungus, nematod worms - elephantiasis, ringworm, etc
        
        2
        
        contagious
        
        can spread fm one person to another rapidly
        
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        non contagious
        
        don't spread by direct contact
        
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        5
        
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        non communicable/ non infectious/ non transmissible
  - - - as it continuously infects multiple hosts
  - - - when for pathogen - all favourable conditions no longer exists
        
        under such conditions, disease is eradicated when there are no reports/ incidents in any part of the world
        
        eg - smallpox was eradicated in 1980s
    - - important to break transmission cycle
        
        you need to know if you want to break it--
        
        the way it transmits and which pathogen it is(the causative agent)
        
        important way of eradication is through vaccination
  - - - but it spreads slowly
        
        remains confined in small region/ population
        
        eg - yellow fever, malaria - stays in africa
  - - - eg - cholera, sars
  - - - spreads around the globe
        
        hiv, scarlet fever, covid
  - - - coz of diseases
        
        death rate
- - - - 1st word cap, 2nd word underlined coz no italic
  - - - no access to proper sanitation
        
        no access to uncontaminated drinking water and food
        
        problem is 3/4 of people who suffer they themselves function like vectors
        
        incubation period: 2 hours - 5 days
        
        when multiplying
        
        a symptomatic
        
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  - - - asia, africa and latin america
  - - - 2 hours to 5 days
  - - - vomiting - nausea
      - diarhoea - rice water diarhhoea - watery
        
        nickname - blue death
        
        depending on strength of immunity
        
        in 2 hrs - lose 10 litres of water
      - body gets dessicated
        
        under extreme - skin gets greyish-blue
  - - - under normal conditions - healthy immune system
        
        if it enters stomach
        
        not possible to reach small intestine - stomach is acidic
        
        ph of 2 and even 4-4.5 in the system
        
        under ideal conditions - this is enough to kill bacteria
        
        depending on degree of immune system
        
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  - - - produces a toxin - cholera toxin or CT or choleragen
        
        3 types - subunit
        
        a1, a2 and b
        
        molecular signalling
        
        out of 3 subs - b is most powerful
        
        attach to receptors on epithelial lining - gangliocide receptors of intestine
        
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  - - - solution of glucose and salt in water
        
        easy prevention
        
        makes up for the solutes lost by blood
        
        cftr closes - na and cl stop being sent out
        
        water
        
        balance rate at which water is lot
        
        salts - maintain osmotic balance coz they're losing it
        
        glusocse too - glucose intake has a direct connection eith sodium-potassium pump
        
        conc of lgucose activates pump - along with glucose, you passively transport sodium and potassium
  - - - important reason why its an endemic
        
        no access to proper sanitation
        
        access to clean drinking water
        
        then death by cholera can be reduced
        
        important to treat raw sewage and not use it for irrigation
  - - - generally - herd immunity
- - - - using pedicel, hiv attached to receptors on surface of t or macro
        
        actually attached to glycoprotein - cd4
        
        coded for by hiv
        
        2 cell coming in contafct
        
        once attaches - common plasma membrane dissolves
        
        when diss, goes to entry
        
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  - - - by endocytosis
        
        one common walls broken
        
        3 enzymes - intergrase, protease, reverse transcriptase
        
        3 enzymes bound onto 2 single strand rna
        
        rna (genetic material) separates fm enzymes once in
  - - - once entered - intergration happens with help of intergrase - to intergrate
        
        proteases and breaks down any restrictions fm entering channel proteins
  - - - synthesised single stranded dna fm single stranded rna
        
        with enzyme, each single sstrwnded rna -> single stranded dna
        
        each single dna converted into double dna
        
        taken control of host cell's genome
        
        double strand - a hybrid since one has come fm virus and one made by body
        
        aka - proviral dna
        
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  - - - so provirus dna is also replicated
        
        later on in presnece of transcription factors, hybrid dna separates away fm original, and can divide on its own
  - - - not as efficient as dna polymerase
        
        scans and checks for errors
        
        but reverse transcriptase, it generates things, but no proof reading
        
        every single replication is prone to mutation
        
        proteins produced aren't exactly the saem
        
        so antigenic characteristics aren't the same - antigenic shift
        
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    - - no immune response initiated
        
        fails to recognise as non self since it was made by the bodys own cells, half of it
  - - - when enters - condition where lots of viral dna instead of host dna
        
        if any transcription, mrna only copies viral dna and not the cell's own dna
        
        long strand of mrna chops mrna into small pieces by reverse transcriptase and exported fm nucleus to cytoplasm
        
        to increase the efficiency
        
        translation - makes proteins
        
        not similar to hosts proteins
        
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  - - - long cut up mrna makes viral proteins
        
        some converted into the 3 proteins
        
        attach to the mrna
        
        even mrna is okay
        
        instructions + products
        
        if macrophage - hiv cell (-pro?-virus) comes out of cell by budding
        
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- - - - aka MTBC - myco tuber culosis complex
        
        rod shaped bacteria - bacillus
        
        aerobic
        
        slow growing but intercellular pathogens
        
        systematically destroy phagocytic cells
        
        capable of evading attack by immune system
        
        very potent - coz its aerobic
        
        multiply fast
        
        within body - slow pace
  - - - 30% of population in developing and under, where overcrowding and not good sanitary conditions
        
        30% are affected by TB
        
        in spite of being infected - they are a symptomatic
        
        bacterium doesn't spread fm individuals
        
        considered to be opportunistic coz though it can infect, it is a symptomatic
        
        non contagious
        
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  - - - because of this
        
        acute chest pain
    - - you get a fever
        
        to activate the immune system
        
        hormones induce a fever
        
        hormones also reduce weight/ suppresses the appetite
        
        lots weight loss
        
        person is emaciated - extremely weak and thin
  - - - after time, alveoli and lungs are teeming with mycobacteria
        
        persistent cough
        
        droplets of sputum gets released into the atmosphere
        
        coughs out aerosols
        
        this bacterium aerosols, when inhaled
        
        it starts infecting the person
  - - - cow infected with tb - still myco bac
        
        drnik the milk/ eat the beef of cow
        
        then it spreads to humans
        
        or if milkman has tb, then cows could get it then it passes on
      - or fm wildlife
        
        disease spreads fm non human animals to humans - called zoonosis
        
        unfortunately - transferred by vets
        
        when dealing with animals - it spreads
        
        then spreads to other humans
    - - pasteurisation
        
        htst - high temp short time
        
        heated to a high temp, then cooled very quickly
        
        reduces bovine tb
  - - - certain molecular diagnostic kits
      - microscopic examination of sputum/phleugh
      - chest x-rays
      - clearly identified after microbial culture of phleugh
        
        culture shows mycotub bacteria
  - - - bacillus
        
        most importatn way of treating it as a profilactic disease
    - - then coz bac is slow growing intercellular
        
        takes a lot of time to ensure the strains are absent
        
        so treatment is long - 6-9 months to confirm there are no strains
    - - rifampicin and isoniazid
        
        taken over 6-9 months
        
        70-805 efficiency
        
        months are long time to check
        
        after quarantine, discontinue use of it, contribute to antibiotic resistance
        
        important to follow entire dosage - you can't just stop after no visible symptoms
    - - mycobacterium resistance
        
        MDR - multiple drug resistant tb
        
        and XDR - extensive/excessive drug resistance
        
        to avoid this, WHO says to do DOTS - direct observation treatment short course
        
        patients let quarantines for 6-9 months
  - - - in azerbajan - more xdr (more powerful) then mdr
- - - - fm kingdom protists/protoctists
        
        when classifying, group members which share similar characteristics
        
        but these are special
        
        since they're not based on similarity
        
        these don't have any character like plants, animals
        
        all organisms which are devoid of plant, bacterila or fungal characteristics
      - called plasmodium
        
        malarae, phalsiparun, ovale, naulesea, vivax
        
        falsi is the most fatal
        
        seasonal - vivax
      - intercellular parasite
  - - - humans and mosquitoes
        
        humans - secondary host
        
        coz pathogen completes asexual repro in humann rbcs
        
        pathogens initial stages of sex reproduction initially in liver cells
        
        some textbooks refers to man as primary host
        
        but fm epidomological pov - man is secondary
        
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    - - infected female anopheles mosquito
        
        bites a human
        
        mouth part of mosquito - specialised to pierce and suck
        
        punctures and sucks fm persons body - like a straw
        
        moment blood comes out of vessels - blood starts clotting
        
        produces an anticoagulant in saliva prevents clotting
        
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      - in the process, mozz introduces an infective state/ pathogenic phase of malaria - sporozoite into human
        
        find way into blood vessels and enter liver
        
        in liver - asex repro
      - formation of next phase - merozoite
        
        some attacks rbcs, lives as an intracellular pathogen
        
        rbcs converted into 2 ring forms - trophozoid and schizogony
        
        part which didnt attack rbc forms precursors
        
        formation of male and female gamete
        
        male - microgametocyte, female - megagametocytes
        
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      - most common and sturdy - anopheles gambiens
  - - - asexual completed in mans liver
    - - in liver cells of man and completed in mosquito gut
    - - moves into salivary gland
  - - - 1 week to 1 year
  - - - nausea
        
        severe muscular and joints pain
        
        then most important - begins to start having cold chills
        
        body should heat up so vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and shivering - skeletal muscles respire so heat comes in
        
        when body temp goes up, normally aldo comes down
        
        but temp goes up high
        
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  - - - 3 conditions need to be met
        
        1- regions where temo is high
        
        rainfall
        
        and receive an abundant rainfall
        
        rain - water ponds - stagnant water and breedig grounds
        
        only caused by female anopheles
        
        biting power is very very stron
        
        humidity
        
        high humidity
        
        increase in mosquito population/breeding
    - - rampant
        
        in southwestern countries
        
        papua new guinea
        
        very endemic and rampant
        
        india too - can be considered endemic
        
        odisha, jharkand, meghaland, chattisgarh,
    - - can't survive
        
        not seen in all places
        
        high temp and still malaria - coz of plasmodium vivax
        
        doesn't becom epidemic
        
        doesn't cause mortality as mush as falsi
        
        seasonal
    - - breeding is high
        
        and strong biting power -
  - - - identify symptoms characteristics
        
        misinterpreted as influenza
    - - ensure that mosquitoes don't bite
        
        reduce population - avoid stagnant water
        
        gambusia guppy fish and Bt - baccillus thuringiensis
    - - drugs taken coz exposure is high
        
        not major side effects
    - - 15-20 mins - using dipsticks
    - - few antibiotics
        
        all are plant extracts
        
        ancient conventional and most effective
        
        chloroquine
        
        fm bark of tree - chinchinna
        
        then proguanil
        
        inhibits protein synthesis
        
        multiplication of pathogen is stopped
        
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      - but extensive use of this - efficiency drops
        
        antibiotic resistance develops
        
        south america, southeast asia, africa
        
        mefloquine
        
        plasmodium became antibiotic resistant to these
        
        to combat this
        
        mefloquine
        
        to prevent antibiotic resistant strain fm infecting
        
        soon plasmodium became resistant to this too
        
        so they developed a combination
        
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      - 4 factors that control malaria
        
        must be considered a disease that requires profilactic treatment
        
        capable of mutating continully
        
        recombinant dna tech used - very potent
        
        and to make vaccines to attack diff stages of plasmodium
        
        diff infective stages
        
        generally affect underdeveloped countries
        
        need a lot of money
        
        must be an international will to control malaria in that country
- - - - to understand and empathise with aids patients
        
        that it isn't contagious
        
        and no need to shun them
        
        people tend to hide it because of the social stigma
  - - - even tatoo, pierciings, etc
  - - - associated with lifestyle
  - - - azidothymidine and aerosol pentamidine
        
        but still not developed a cure
        
        this only prolongs your existence
        
        but prevention is better than cure
- - - - 2 other types of t cells - CD4 - helper and CD8 - protect body by attacking cancerous cells
        
        CD4 - helper t cells - stimulate b cells - plasma cells - produce antibodies - provide immunity
        
        under normal conditions, #CD4/mm^3 or blood - 500-1500
        
        in dengue - avg platelets -1.5-2lakhs
        
        attack - platelet count decreases
        
        cd4 count is important - to identify if disease is to do with immune system - 200/mm^3 of blood
        
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  - - - 1970 - dr robert gallo
        
        htlv-1 - human t cells lymphotrophic type-1
        
        first time aids was discovered - dr luc montagnier - at paris institute in 1983
        
        called LAV - lympho adenopathy associated virus
        
        both won a nobel proze on 2008
        
        lav later on named hiv by international committee in 19
        
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  - - - can't contract it fm coming in direct contact or caring for them
        
        can't get aids fm insect bites
        
        most dangerous of all vectors is mosquitoes
        
        becaose every pathogen/ parasite has a specific host
        
        hiv targets macrophages/ t cells / monocytes
        
        virus is evolved so it knows how the immune system orks
        
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    - - sexual
        
        mainly
        
        most important cause
        
        unprotected s.intercourse
        
        in large amounts in semen and vaginal fluids - body fluids
      - transfusion
        
        unfortunate
        
        haemophilia
        
        patient must require repeated blood transfusions
        
        some haemophylics sufered fm hiv too, coz the blood they got had hiv in it
      - needles
        
        unsterilised
        
        common
        
        intravenus drug abusers
        
        tendecy to share needles and syringes without appropriate
        
        sharp object that can pierce the skin has a tendency to transmit the virus
      - mother
        
        unfortunate
        
        when mother is lactating or during parturition (birth) or if mother received sperm fm hiv+ person in artificial insemination
    - - can spread fm man to woman - man to man - or women to women
        
        common among homosexuals
        
        among heterosexuals with multiple sex partners
        
        recipients od blood transfusions
        
        drug abusers - needles
    - - unfortunate
        
        very long - longest period
        
        incubation period of 5 to 10 years
        
        mostly - a symptomatic
        
        long period when thay're sexually inactive
        
        if a symptomatic and sexually active - many people can be infected by that person
- - - - most abused antibiotic - penicillin - discovered by alexander fleming
        
        as a bacteriologist
        
        HE CULTURED BACTERIA
        
        most common bacteria - 1920s - staphylococcus
        
        cultured in petri dishes with agar jelly
        
        extended vacation, and finds that many petri dishes with green columns
        
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  - - - chemical substance produced by a living organism which can be used to inhibit/kill another organism
        
        living organism that produces it is usually a fungus
        
        eg - penicillin fm penicilium crycegelium
        
        chem sub produced by a fungus to kill a bacterial substance
  - - - oral
        
        when mild to moderate
        
        tablets/capsules/liquid
      - superficial application on skin surface
        
        topical application
        
        eg - lotions, creams, sprays
        
        inflammation/bacterial infections
      - when extremely severe
        
        intravenus/intramuscular
  - - - 2 types
        
        bacteriostatic - population of bacteria stays the same
        
        capable of inhibiting growth of bacteria
        
        bacteriocidal
        
        kills the bacteria
  - - - other sources other than fungus
        
        produces a lipopeptide antibiotic
        
        called macrolactone/cyclopeptide antibiotics
        
        one of the few that make
    - - streptomycin
    - - fungus
    - - fungus
        
        penicillic acid
- - - - main reason - extensive and indiscriminate use of antibiotics
        
        bacterias are forced to mutate
        
        could develop antibiotic resistance
        
        forst studied for tuberculosis
        
        super effective ones to treat tb, now they're of no use at all
        
        specific reaon
        
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  - - - why is it needed?
        
        plasmids shows presence of genes that provides advantage against other bacterial strains
        
        these genes give it antibiotic resistance
        
        genes present kkn okasmids
        
        if its inherited the plasmid, the it multiplies faster
- - - - but hiv has 2 single stranded rna for genetic material
        
        rna compared to dna - double and single helix
        
        chance of mutation occurs rapidly in rna coz its structurally unstable
        
        can't find an adequate cure coz it mmutates so much
        
        3 important proteins - enzymes
        
        p10 - protease - catalyse hydrolkyse breakdown of prteins - aa
        
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- - - - most important mode of action
      - mechanism
        
        bacterial cell wall
        
        not the same as fungus/plant
        
        like fungus - non cellulose
        
        in bacteria - peptidoglycan
        
        coz glycan - long chain of sugars, peptido - no of amino acid chains linked by peptide bonds
        
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        2nd mech
        
        new bacterial cell
        
        trying to form cell wall
        
        makes protein - autolysin
        
        self + making holes
        
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    - - essential proteins
    - - with hapnoids
  - - - all other organisms - its ineffective
        
        destroy bacteria, but doesn't destroy humans cells
        
        coz there's no cell wall
        
        not even virus - no cell wall
        
        when. virus us replicating, it doesn't do it on its own
        
        makes use of transcription mech of host cell
        
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- - - - one bacterial cell which inherited plasmid that makes it antibiotic resistant
        
        can make daughter cells with identical plasmids
        
        undergoing binary fission - making identical cells - transferring the gene that makes it resistant to daighter cells
    - - mech by which bacteria transfers plasmid which gives resistance to another bacteria
        
        through sexual reproduction - conjugation
        
        one bacterial cell can transmit plasmid to a completely diff bacterial cell
        
        don't undergo binary fission all the time
        
        so soil bacteria underwent conjugation into mycobacterium
        
        when myco can transfer it to any other bacteria
  - - - methicillin
        
        drug used to prevent bacterial infection in case of post operative
        
        patient undergone surgery
        
        intrusive - area where incision could be infected by bacteria
        
        used in hospitals to treat whi showed bacteria infection in area around surgery
        
        use of it became to extensive
        
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      - won't take long for other bacterias to get this resistance too
        
        so another antibitic developed
        
        vancomycin - very potent
        
        but then enterococcus faecalis became to resistant ot it
        
        oe=ne bacterial cell deve
      - then a new one developed - carbapenem
        
        much more potent then first one
        
        BUT THEN klebsiella pneumoniae developed resistance against it too TT
- - - - staphylococcus/streptococcus infection in a hospital
        
        make a streak of bacteria on it
        
        bacteria thrives in it
        
        in 2-3 days, the petri dish is filled
        
        then take antibiotic - eg methicillin
        
        usually highly soluble
        
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  - - - absence of symptom doesn't mean bacteria has gone
    - - don't take it simply
    - - must be a prescription drug
        
        can't just take it
        
        narrow spectrum antibiotic
        
        only want to kill the bacteria that you're suffering from
        
        wide spectrum antibiotic
        
        destroys several bacteria
        
        destroys all
    - - regulate
- - - - patient begins to start showing gradual and progressive symptome
        
        4 stages
        
        stage 1 - a symptomatic
        
        not aware, and no symptoms, and seems normal
        
        but could be sexually active so this could spread
        
        stage 2 - mucocutaneous modifications
        
        before any symptoms, changes at cellular/ molecular level
        
        if histiopathology carried out
        
        cells won't appear normal
        
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        3rd stage
        
        unexplained and chronic diarhhoea
        
        then bacterial infections
        
        then tuberculosis
        
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        stage 4 - toxoplasmosis
        
        followed by candidiasis
        
        fungal infection - yeast called cacdidia
        
        white patches on body
        
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