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Respiratory System , Sarina Rivera Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Respiratory System , Sarina Rivera Period 2
Major functions of the respiratory system
Oxygen - cells, breaks down nutrients, releases energy & produces ATP.
Carbon Dioxide - breaks down nutrients while removing it from body.
Ventilation/breathing - moves air in & out of lungs.
External Respiration - gas exchange between lungs & blood.
Gas Transport - located in blood between lungs & body cells.
Internal Respiration - gas exchange between blood & body cells.
Cellular Respiration - oxygen uses cell production of carbon dioxide.
Mucous Membrane - Bronchial Tree Filter, warm, & humidifies incoming air.
Upper respiratory structures and functions
Nose - nostrils give opening for oxygen to enter & C.D. to exit.
Nasal Cavity - Hollow space posterior to nose
Nasal Septum - divides Nasal Cavity, made up of bone/cartilage
Nasal Conchae - shaped like a upside down U, it divides creating passageways. Support Mucous Membranes/Filters air
Cilia - carries trapped mucus to Pharynx
Pharynx - located behind oral & nasal cavities & larynx, its a common airway (food, air, nasal, oral), creates sound for speech
3 Subdivisons: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, & laryngopharynx
Paranasal Sinuses - located in maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones. Open to nasal cavity, lined with Mucus Membrane, LOWERS WEIGHT OF SKULL, chambers for voice.
Lower respiratory structures and functions
Larynx - superior to trachea/inferior to laryngopharynx, transports air in & out of trachea, prevents particles, contains vocal cords.
Glottis - vocal cords, openings between them.
Epiglottis (flaplike) - can cover glottis opening, vertical structure, lets air enter larynx.
Thyroid Cartilage is larger than Pharynx. (Adams apple).
Trachea - cylindrical tubes extend downward to the top of the esophagus, into the thoracic cavity. Splits to right & left primary bronchi, inner wall is lined with ciliated Mucous Membrane (many goblet cells). Wall is supported by 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings (C).
Bronchial Tree - Mucous Membrane lined tubular airways, from trachea to microscopic air sacs.
Primary Bronchi - 1st, off of trachea, each lead to a lung
Secondary Bronchi - 2nd, off main bronchi, each enters lobe of lung.
Teriary Bronchi - off of lobar bronchi, each enters a segment of a lung.
Bronchioles - small tubular organs, branch off segmental bronchi.
Terminal Bronchioles - smallest that conducts air, without gas exchange, off larger bronchioles.
Respiratory Bronchioles - contain Alveoli, creates gas exchange, off Terminal Bronchioles.
Alveoli - simple squamous epthelium, rapid gas exchange, located near many extensive capillary networks.
Alveolar Ducts - branch off respiratory bronchioles.
Alveolar Sacs - off Alveolar Ducts, has air sacs called Alveoli.
Lungs - soft/spongy/cone-shaped, separated by mediastinum, enclosed by diaphram & thoracic cage.
Right Lung - contains 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior
Left Lung - contains 2 lobes, superior & inferior
Layers of the pleurae
Pleura - double layered Serous Membrane
Visceral Pleura - inner layers attached to surface of lung.
Parietal Pleura - outer layer, lines thoracic cavity.
Serous Fluid - between 2 layers & lubricates pleural cavity.
Compare and contrast the mechanism of inspiration and expiration
Inspiration (inhalation) - when thoracic cavity volume increases, air pressure in lungs decrease.
Diaphragm - contracts moves downwards, enlarging thoracic cavity.
External Intercostals - contracts, moves ribs & sternum upward & outward.
Muscle Contraction - pressure falls to 2mm below atmosphere pressure, rushing air out of lungs.
Maximal Inspiration - deep breaths.
Surface Tension - between 2 layers of pleura, lungs expand with it.
Surfactant - keeps alveoli inflated, preventing collapse.
Expiration (exhalation) - diaphragm & external intercostal muscles are at rest, decreasing thoracic cavity volume, rushing air into atmosphere.
Forced expiration - more air released than usual, compresssing rib cage & abdominal wall).
Respiratory Volumes & Capacities
Spirometry - various air volumes, move into & out of lungs with effort
Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV) - enters or leaves during one cycle (average 500mL).
Inspiratory Reserve (IRV) - inhaled, added to Tidal Volume, forced, average 3,000mL.
Expiratory Reserve (ERV) - exhaled (forced), beyond Tidal Volume, average 1,200mL.
Residual Volume (RV) - remain in lungs after maximal expiration, average 1,200mL (cannot be measured).
Capacities
Inpsiratory Capacity (IC) - volume (air) inhaled after resting expiration, IRV + TV (3,500mL).
Functional Residual (FRC) - volume remaining after resting expirations, ERC + RV (2.300mL).
Vital (VC) - maximum volume exhaled after maximum, TV + IRV + ERV (4,600mL)
Total Lung (TLC) - Total volume of air lungs can hold (varies in age, gender, body size), VC + RV (5,800mL)
Disorders of the respiratory system
COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, & asthma.
Tuberculosis - Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by Myobracterium.
Pneumonia - bacterial or viral infection in lungs.
Lung Cancer - uncontrolled cell growth & development of tumors in the lungs.
Seasonal Flu - A viral infection, many variations, changes rapidly throughout the years, can have different symptoms