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Elijah Spencer P:3 Respiratory system - Coggle Diagram
Elijah Spencer P:3 Respiratory system
Major functions of the Respiratory system
Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes CO2 from the body cells
Removes particles from incoming air
Regulates temperature and water content of the air
Provides vocal sounds
helps in sense of smell
Respiration and its events
Ventilation or breathing- the movement of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration- the gas exchange between lungs and blood
Gas transportation in blood between the lungs and body cells
Internal respiration- oxygen use by the cells, and production of carbon dioxide
Mucous membranes of bronchial tree- filter, warm, and humidify incoming air.
Upper respiratory system
Nose
Nostrils provide opening for entrance and exit of air
Supported by bone and cartilage
Contain coarse hairs, which prevent entry of particles
Nasal cavity
Posterior to the nose
Divided medially by nasal septum, existing of bone and cartilage
Nasal conchae are scroll-shaped bone that divide the nasal cavity into passageways
Particles trapped in the mucus are carried to the pharynx of cilia, swallowed and carried to the stomach, where gastric juice destroys microorganisms in the mucus.
Paranasal Sinuses
Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones
These open into the nasal cavity
Reduces the weight of the skull
LIned with mucous membrane thats continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity.
Resonant chambers for the voice
Pharynx(throat)
Behind the oral, nasal cavities and larynx
Passageway fro air and food from nasal and oral cavities
Lower respiratory
Larynx- contains 2 pairs of vocal cords
An enlargement in the airway superior to the trachea & inferior to the laryngopharynx
Transports air in and out of the trachea
House the vocal cords
Composed of a framework of muscles and cartilage bound by elastic tissue
Larger cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage( Adam's Apple)
Glotts: true vocal cords and opening between them. Flap-like epiglottis can cover the opening to the glottis
Trachea
Cylindrical tube that extends downward anterior tot the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity
Inner walls is lined with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells
Walls is supported by 20 incomplete (C-shaped) cartilaginous rings that keep the airways open
Bronchial Tree
Consists of branched, mucous membrane-lined tubular airways, leading from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli
Primary Bronchi- First branches of the bronchial tree; branch directly off the trachea
Secondary bronchi- Branches of the main bronchi; each enters a lube of a lung
Tertiary bronchi- Branches of the lobar bronchi; each enters a segment of a lung
Bronchioles-smaller tubular organs that branch off the segmental bronchi
Terminal bronchioles- branches off( larger bronchioles); smallest bronchioles that conduct air, without performing gas exchange
Respiratory bronchioles- branch off terminal bronchioles; contain alveoli, so it can perform gas exchange
Alveolar ducts- branch off (respiratory bronchioles)
Alveolar sacs- branch off alveolar ducts; consist of air sacs called alveoli
Alveoli- consist of simple squamous epithelium, which conducts rapid gas exchange between the air & blood with the associated capillaries
Lungs
Soft, sponge, cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system, separated medically by the mediastinum, and enclosed by the diaphragm and thoracic cage.
Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Primary bronchus and large blood vessels enter each lung on the medial surface
Pleura- double-layer serous membrane
Visceral pleura- inner layer; attached tot he surface of each lung
Parietal pleura- outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity
Serous fluid- lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers.
Similarity and differences between Inspiration and expiration
Inspiration happen when the diaphragm contracts and move downward, enlarging the thoracic cavity
External intercostals contract to move ribs and sternum upward and outward but with expiration the diaphragm and external intercostals are relaxed and the lungs recoil.
Expiration is the result from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscles and lung tissues, and from the surface tension within the alveoli.
Both of these movements are similar because they both involve the movement of air throughout the body and the movement of the muscles in the thoracic cavity
Volume and Pressure in the thoracic cavity
Pressure is exerted by the air all objects in contact with it; force that moves air into the lungs.
When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flow in from the atmosphere; this occurs during inspiration. In inspiration the pressure to 2mm below atmosphere pressure
Since in expiration the diaphragm and intercostal muscles are relax the volume is decreased and the pressure increases to about 1mm Hg above atmospheric pressure.
Volume is the amount of air pressure increasing or decreasing in the thoracic cavity
Respirator volumes and Capacity
Tidal volume- volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle; average is ~500mL
Inspiratory reserve volume(IRV); volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration; average is ~300mL
Expiratory reserve volume(ERV); volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume; average is ~1200mL
Residual volume(RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration; average is ~1200mL: can't be measured with a spirometer.
Inspiratory capacity(IC): is a volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration; IRV+TV(~3,500mL)
Functional residual capacity(FRC): is volume of air that remain in the lungs after a resting expiration; ERV+RV(~2,300mL)
Vital capacity(VC)- is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration; TV+IRV+ERV(~4,600mL)
Total lung capacity(TLC): is total volume of air the lungs can hold; (VC+RVC, 800mL); varies with age,gender, and body size