Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Development of the Cold War I - Coggle Diagram
Development of the Cold War I
Revolution in Chna
Mao
Founding member of the CCP
His guerilla tactics and ideology helped him become the unchallenged leader
Maoism - Chinese Communism became popular across asia
His rule led to a huge amount of violence and suffering and a great famine (1958-62) where millions starved to death
The CCP took control of China in 1945
China's huge resources boosted the communistt East and threatended to spread communism across Asia
Chinese Civil War
USA supports the Chinese government against Japanese invaders during the Second World War and continues to supports the official GMD government against the CCP
USSR invades Manchuria in August 1945 to defeat Japanese forces
The USA flies GMD troops into Manchuria in November 1945 to take over from the Soviets
CCP, boosted by soviet aid defeat the GMD by Janurary 1949
People's Republic of China is declared in October 1949
China and West
West was alarmed at China's triumph
It was seen as a failure of Truman's policy
To stop the spread of communism to more Asian countries, the West poured millions of dollars inot nearby Taiwan and Japan
Western countries refused to acknowledge the CCP as China's official government and continued to back the exiled GMD leader
September 1950 - USA issued NSC 68 to its military and secutriy services, increasing military spending and strengthened its determintaiton to fight communism
China and East
USA saw CCP's triumph as a win for Stalin,but China didn't want to be part of the Soviet sphere
Treaty of Friendhip
Two countries signed a treaty of Friendship in 1950
soviets promised $300 million to aid to China, interest rates were high and it had to be mainly spent on Soviet products
USSR didn't want its leadership challenged
Mao didn't get along with Stalin's auccessor Kruschev who was critical of Stalin
Korean War 1950-53
Events of the war
1948 - North and South Korea officially established, Kim-Il sung led NK, and Syngman Rhee led South
March 1949 - Kim asked USSR to help him invade the South, Stalin didn't want to engage with US troops so urged China to help instead
June 1950 - Kim invaded SK, and USA and the UN to call a ceasefire, and the UN demanded that Kim's forces withdraw
Feb 1950 - Soviets agree to supply military equipment to NK
Sept 1950 - US lef UN forces drive NK back to the border
Oct 1950 - US led forces enter NK and take the Capital, US shifts focus to the defeat of communism
Oct-Nov 1950 - China joins NK in a counterattack, capturing the capital of SK
April 1951 - US general MacArthur sacked for calling for the use of nuclear weapons
Jun 1951 - Peace negotiations start as war becomes stalemate
July 1953 - Ceasefire agreed
Significance for superpower relations
US's involvement demonstrated the USA's commitment to containing communism
This was the first time that US forces had fought an enemy largely equipped by the USSR
Neither the US nor the USSR wanted to risk a direct or full military strugle, instead they fouht throuhg other countrie's wars
Vietnam War 1955-75
Military campaign against French
Vietnamese communists fought for their freedom from the French
In September 1945, the Viet Minh independence fighters decalred the establishedment of the communist Democratic republic of Vietnam
By 1952, French had 90,000 casualties
In 1954, French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu and decided to withdraw.
US had paid for 2/3rds of french campaign to stop the spread of communism, so weren't prepared to abandon vietnam
At Geneva in 1954, Vietnam was divided into a communist north and French South, and would reunite in two years
Domino Theory
President Eisenhower was worred that if Vietnam turned communist, it would lead to toehr countries becomming communist
Containment was even more important
Eisnehower's Now Look policy increased US investement in South Vietnam
Military campaign against USA
South Vietnma was led by anti communist Ngo Dinh Diem, who was also corrupt and popular
US was determined to support him to counter communism
From Dec 1960, Vietcong formed - who aimed to overthrow Diem
Kennedy increased US support to the South
Diem was removed in 1963
President Johnsim ordered a full scale military ivolvement in 1965, and US struggled to engage successfully against the guerilla forces and the jungle terrain
Arms Race
Timeline
1945 - US drops atomic bomb on Japan
1949 - USSR tests its first atomic bomb
1953 - USA develops the Hydrogen bomb
1953 - USSR develop Hydrogen bomb
Significance
Up to 1949, USA thouht it could use its nuclear weapons to discourage Soviet attack and get what they wanted
By the mid 1950s, nuclear weapons had been developed, and any nuclear war would lead to Mutually Assured Destruction
Any confrontation between both sides could rapidly escalate to nuclear war
USA and USSR had to find ways of stopping disputes between them
Brinkmanship
Pushing events to the brink - edge of conflict
1948 - Stalin hoped his Berline Blockade wouldn't lead to USA using nuclear weapons
1951 - Truman sacked General MacArthur for repeatedly calling for nuclear weapons to be used against NK, Truman knew the soviets might retaliate
Effects on ordinary people
Defence costs increased to fuel to arms race
1950s duck and cover campaigns taught attack response drill in USA
In Britain in 1970s, protect and survive booklets were issued to citiznes
Space race
Reasons
Propoganda - both countries wished to demonstrate that their country and ideology was better than the other's
Military rivalry, there were military benefits to developing technology, especially for rockets to fire weapons
Intercontinental ballistic misslines could be carried thousands of miles
Timeline
Oct 1957 - USSR lauch Sputnik, first manmade satellite to orbit earth
Nov 1957 - USSR launch first animal into orbit, laika
Dec 1958 - USA launch SCORE, first communications satellite laucnhed by the atlast rocket
Apr 1961 - USSR laucnh Yuri Gagarin, first person in space
May 1961 - USA, Alan shepherd pilots first successful space flight
June 1963 - USSR, Valentina Tereshlova is first woman in space
July 1969 - USA, Neil Armstrong is first person on moon
April 1971 - USSR, Salyut is first crewed space station
1975 - Apollo-Soyuz mission launched, joint USA-USSR
Apollo space programme
Launched in 1961
Dedicated to space exploration, and achieved its first manned flight in 1968
Nato and Warsaw pact
NATO
North Atlantic treaty organisation is a military alliance
Collective security - if one member was attacked, the others had to assist
NATO was directed against a possible military attack
Impact
After the Berlin Blockade and the USSR's atomic bomb development, USA wasn't prepared to accept future societ agression
Stalin saw NATO as an act of agression, and began to strenghten his control over Eastern Europe
Resulted in the formation of the Warsaw Pact 1955
USA promised funds to improve the military forces of its allies and set up US bases and troops in NATO countries - direct threat
Reasons
NATO was set up in April 1949 after Stalin announced Comecon in Janurry 1949
Soviets saw NATO as a threat and formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955
Increased cold war tensions as both sides were now gearerd up for a possible war
Warsaw Pact
Collective defense treaty
Set up in May 1955 following West Germany's entry into NATO
Impact
Two opposing alliances in Europe seperated by the Iron curtain
Both alliances planned for military action against the other, including the use of nuclear and convenional weapons
Warsaw Pact gave the USSR direct control over the armed forces, thus strengthening its grip on Eastern Europe
Military rivalries needed a spark to ignite into a possible global war