Ethan Johnson , Period 2 Respiratory System

Major Functions

Obtains oxygen from the atmosphere, and removes carbon dioxide from the body cells
Consists of tubes that warm and moisturize incoming air while also filtering it.
Also remove particles from incoming air , regulates temperature and water content in air , provides vocal sounds

Upper respiratory tract and functions

Nose - Entrance and exit for air , have coarse hair to remove particles

Nasal cavity - Divided medially by nasal septum , Conchae support mucous membranes, and increase the surface area to warm, moisturize, and filter incoming air

Respiratory volumes and capacities

Sinuses - Air-filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones , they reduce the weight of then skull and serve as resonant chambers of the voice

Pharynx - Common passageway for air and food from nasal and oral cavities , aids in pronouncing sounds for speech

Lower respiratory tract and functions

Larynx - Transports air in and out of the trachea , Helps keep particles from entering the trachea , houses the vocal cords

Trachea - Cylindrical tube that goes downward to the esophagus and into the thoracic cavity , Inner wall is lined up with ciliated mucous membrane with many goblet cells , those goblet cells product mucus that trap incoming particles

Bronchial tree - Consists of branched , mucous membrane-lined airways
Terminal bronchioles: branches off larger bronchioles, smallest bronchioles that conduct air
Respiratory bronchioles: branch off terminal bronchioles, contain alveoli, so can perform gas exchange

Lungs - cone-shaped organs of the respiratory system , Contain air passages, alveoli, blood vessels,
connective tissues, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Layers of the Pleura

Double layered-serous membrane

click to edit

Visceral pleura: inner layer; attached to the surface of each lung

Parietal pleura: outer layer; lines the thoracic cavity

Serous fluid lubricates the pleural cavity between the 2 layers

Inspiration - Air moves from higher to lower pressure , When pressure inside the lungs decreases below atmospheric pressure, air flows in from the atmosphere, Diaphram and intercostal muscles expand during normal inspiration. Diaphram contracts and moves downwards, Due to surface tension between the 2 layers of the pleura, as
the thoracic cavity expands, the lungs expand with it

Expiration - Results from the passive process of elastic recoil of the muscle and lung tissues , The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax during this time , The diaphragm then gets pushed upward ,As the lungs recoil, the pleura and chest wall are pulled inward

Differences and compaisons of expiration and inspiration

Tidal volume (TV) - volume of air that enters or leaves the lungs during one respiratory cycle

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) - volume of air that can be inhaled in addition to the tidal volume, during forced inspiration;

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) - volume of air that can be exhaled during a maximal forced expiration, beyond the tidal volume;

Residual volume (RV): volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration, cannot be measured with a
spirometer

Inspiratory capacity (IC) - is volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal, resting expiration;

Functional residual capacity (FRC) - is volume of air that remains in lungs after a resting expiration

Vital capacity (VC) - is maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximal inspiration;

Total lung capacity (TLC) is total volume of air the lungs can hold, depends on gender , age and body size

Diseases

COPD - Chronic obsructive Pulmonary disorder

Tuberclosis - Bacterial infection in the respiratory system caused by myobacterium tuberclosis

Pneumonia - Bacterial or viral infection of lungs

Lung cancer - Uncontrolled cell growth and tumors in lungs

Seasonal flu - A viral infections with many variations